Introduction Data Interpretation DATA ANALYSIS

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CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS

A. Introduction

This chapter deals with the data analysis of the research. It consists of three sub-chapters: data description, data interpretation and discussion. Data description refers to the finding of the analysis based on the texts consisting of contextual configuration, lexicogrammar, cohesion, text structure and the genre. Contextual configuration explains the analysis of both texts based on the illustration which in the first text is taken from the Jakarta Post entitled “Jakarta to scrap smoking rooms in public places and buildings ” and the second one is taken from the London Evening Standard entitled “Should we be smoke-free?” Meanwhile, lexicogrammar description explains MOOD system, clause system, logicosemantic relation and interdependency system, modality, polarity, descriptive and attitudinal lexis, nominal and verbal group, technicality and nominalization both of news texts. Data interpretation is carried out to interpret the data description; they are the analysis of status, affect and contact. The last subchapter is called discussion. It explains the total interpretation on both texts to find the answers for the problem statements of the research. commit to user 57

B. Data Description

1. Text 1

a. Contextual Configuration

Text 1 is a headline of news text entitled Jakarta to scrap smoking rooms in public places and buildings which was taken from The Jakarta Post published on Tuesday, March 30 th , 2010. This news is used to inform the society about smoking ban in public places, particularly in Jakarta. This text has several elements: the name of the newspaper The Jakarta Post, the name of the column headlines, title, date of publication and the issue. The whole text is written in black color except the date of publication which is written in grey color. It aims to grab the reader’s attention. The illustration shows that the society in Jakarta will agree to extend the rule of smoking-ban law if the public do not smoke in infiltrating non-smoking areas anymore. Generally, the text tells the reader about some arguments which are in the one side support the issue of smoking ban in public places.

b. Lexicogrammar Description

1. MOOD system Table 4.1 Mood System of Text 1 MOOD system Clause number Total Indicative: Declarative: Proposition 3, 5a, 5b, 5c, 6a, 6b, 6c, 7a, 7b, 7c, 8a, 8b, 8c, 8d, 8e, 9a, 9b, 9c, 11a, 11b, 11c, 11d, 11e, 11f, 12a, 12b, 13a, 13b, 13c, 13d, 14a, 14b, 14c, 14d, 14e, 14f, 15, 16, 17a, 17b, 17c, 17d, 18, 19a, 19b, 20a, 20b, 20c, 21a, 21b, 21c, 22, 23a, 57 100 commit to user 58 23b, 24a, 24b, 25. Indicative: declarative: proposal - - - Indicative: Interrogative: proposal - - - Imperative: Proposal - - - Total 57 100 Table 4.1 shows that whole clauses of text 1 belong to indicative, declarative functioning proposition 100. 2. Clause system Table 4.2 Types of Clause of Text 1 Table 4.2 shows that text 1 applies dominant complex clauses 68, followed by simplex clauses 16 and minor clauses 4. 3. Type of Interdependence and Logico-Semantic Relation Table 4.3 Type of Interdependence and Logico-Semantic Relation of Text 1 Type of Logico- Semantic Relation Type of Interdependency Hypotactic Paratactic Projection - Locution “ 5b-5c=1 7c-7a=1, 14f-a=1, 14a-14b=1, 17a- 17b=1, 19a-19b=1, 20c-20a=1, 23b- 23a=1. Type of Clause Clause number Total Minor Ellipsis 1, 2, 4, 10 4 16 Major: Simplex 15, 16, 18, 25 4 16 Complex 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 17 68 Total 25 100 commit to user 59 - Idea ‘ 6a-6b=1, 8a-8b=1, 8a-8d=1, 9a-9b=1, 11a-11b=1, 12a- 12b=1, 24a-24b=1 - Expansion - Elaboration = - - - Extension + 11c-11d=1, 11d- 11e=1, 11d-11f=1, 13b-13c=1. 7a-7b=1 - Enhancement x 5a-5b=1, 6b-6c=1, 8b-8c=1, 8d-8e=1, 9b-9c=1, 11b- 11c=1 14b-14c=1, 14b- 14d, 14a-14e=1, 17b-17c=1, 17b- d=1, 20a-20b=1, 21b-21c=1 Table 4.3 shows that text 1 has one hypotactic locution, seven paratactic locutions, seven hypotactic ideas, four hypotactic extensions, one paratactic extension, seven hypotactic enhancements and six paratactic enhancements. 4. Nominal Groups Table 4.4 Nominal Groups of Text 1 Nominal clause Clause number total Complex 5ciii, 6ai, 7ai, 9cii, 10 ii, 11di, 12b i, 15i, 16iii, 18iii, 21ai, 22ii, 23aiii, 24bv. 14 23.73 Simplex 1, 2, 3 iv, 4, 5aiv, 6bii, 6ci, 7bii, 7ci, 8ai, 8biii, 8ci, 8dii, 8eii, 9aii, 9bi 11ai, 11bi, 11cv, 11ei, 11fii, 12ai, 13ai, 13biii, 13ci, 13diii, 14ai, 14bii, 14ci, 14ei, 14fi, 17ai 17bii, 17civ, 17di, 19aiii, 19bii, 20aiii, 20biv, 20ci, 21bii, 21ci, 23bii, 24ai, 25iv. 45 76.27 Total 59 100 commit to user 60 Table 4.4 shows that text 1 dominantly applies simplex nominal groups 76.27 and followed by complex nominal groups 23.73 . 5. Verbal Groups Table 4.5 Verbal Groups of Text 1 Nominal clause Clause number total Complex 7b 1 1.79 Simplex 3, 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, 6a, 6b, 6c, 7a, 7b, 7c, 8a, 8b, 8c, 8d, 8e, 9a, 9b, 9c, 10, 11a, 11b, 11c, 11d, 11e, 11f, 12a, 12b, 13a, 13b, 13d, 14a, 14b, 14c, 14d, 14e, 14f, 15, 16, 17a, 17b, 17c, 17d, 18, 19a, 19b, 20a, 20b, 20c, 21a, 21b, 21c, 22, 23a, 23b, 25. 55 98.21 Total 56 100 Table 4.5 shows that text 1 mostly applies simplex verbal groups 98.21 followed by complex verbal groups 1.79 . 6. Modality a. Modulation There is no modulation in this text because all of the clauses only have mood system which consists of indicative, declarative functioning proposition. b. Modalization 5a the city will extend the smoking… medium probability 6b his office would revise the 2005… medium probability 7a people working in the buildings can still smoke low probability 7b but they will have to smoke outside the buildings medium probability commit to user 61 8b the smoking free regulation would be imposed on all… medium probability 11c the new regulation could spark opposition in night clubs… low probability 11e would comply once.. medium probability 14b that 62 percent of the respondents would still visit restaurants medium probability 14c although they would not be allowed medium probability 17b would make an assessment medium probability 18 a building will then be given one of four ratings… medium probability 19a we will also publish data on buildings… medium probability 20b will be more effective than law enforcement… medium probability 21b the city should impose stern sanctions medium probability 22 … the regulation in the media will only affect them for a while medium probability 23 the city should impose sanctions with a financial… medium probability 7. Polarity 5c that smoking rooms in buildings do not stop smoke… Negative polarity 8d that the non-smoking areas were c ontaminated… Positive polarity 8e when they were available positive polarity 9b that people are not allowed negative polarity 11d but he was confident the entertainment… Positive polarity commit to user 62 13b 93 percent of the respondents were aware of the regulations positive polarity 14e after the ban is imposed positive polarity From the finding above, text 1 has seven numbers of polarities that consist of two negative polarities and five positive polarities. 8. Descriptive and Attitudinal Lexis 1. Descriptive Lexis Smoking rooms 3 Public places 3, 5a, 10 Public buildings 3, 5a Non-smoking areas 5a Office 6b People 7a, 9b Monday 7c Laboratory test 8c Law on air pollution control 9a Five types of facilities 9c New regulation 11c, 13b, 13d, 19b Night clubs, bars, and restaurants 11c Food industry 11d Survey 13a, 14a, 15, 16, 24b Public closed areas 13d Females, males 16 Public buses and minivans 24b 2. Attitudinal Lexis Free regulation 8b Supported the plan 12b Not be allowed to smoke 14c commit to user 63 Encourage implementation 17d We hope prestige and shame 20a More effective than law enforcement 20b Stern sanctions 21b Affect them for a while 22 9. Metaphors 1. Ideational Metaphors 3 J akarta to scrap smoking rooms… 5a the city will extend the smoking ban in public places and buildings 5c that smoking rooms in buildings do not stop smoke… 6b his office would revise the 2005 gubernatorial decree 9a the 2005 by law on air po llution states… 13a the survey said… 14a the survey revealed… 16 the survey comprised 65 percent females and 34 percent males… 18 a building will then be given one of four ratings… 21b the city should impose stern sanctions… 2. Interpersonal Metaphors 19 We will also publish data on buildings that breach the regulation in the mass media. 22 Publishing information on buildings violating the regulations in the media will only affect them for a while. 10. Technicality and Nominalization a. Technicality Headlines 2, 4 Laboratory test 8c commit to user 64 Pollution 9a Industry 8d Respondent 12b, 13b, 14b, 15 Survey 13a, 14a, 15, 16, 24b Mass media 19b, 22 b. Nominalization Smoking room 3, 5c Smoking ban 5a Non-smoking areas 5c Enforcement 6a,8d,20b Regulation 8b, 11c, 13d, 19b Entertainment 11d Education 16 Implementation 17d Assessment 17b 11. Text Structure and Genre Table 4.6 Text Structure of Text 1 Clause Activity sequence Rhetorical function Text structure 3 Stating the title- Jakarta to scrap smoking rooms in public places and buildings. Introducing the main point of the issue to the readers. Title 5 Stating by the city, Jakarta will extend the smoking ban since may non-smoking area still infiltrating the smoke. Announce the issue about the reason why the city will extend the ban. Thesis 6-7 Stating by the head of law enforcement Ridwan P. that his office would revice the 2005 gubernatorial decree. Giving the information about the plan will be done by the BPLHD to consider toward the issue. commit to user 65 8 Stating by Ridwan P. about the reason why the smoking free regulation would be imposed in building by giving the true condition of the building. giving more detail about to support the point of the argument 1 Supporting Point 9-10 Stating from the new regulation of law on air pollution control-people are not allowed to smoke in public places. Giving more argument to support the point of argument 1. 11 Stating by Ridwan P. about the new regulation will find the optimist result in food industry and entertainment. Giving the information about the probability of people who will disagree or agree toward the smoking ban in public places. 12-14 Stating by Ridwan P. according to the survey done by BPLHD about the respondents who support the plan for 100 free smoking areas, aware of the regulation- they still visit the restaurant although they would not be allowed to smoke. Giving more information more about the people who support the plan and it support the point of argument 2 15-16 Stating by the survey about 747 respondents living in the five municipalities in the city, 65 females and 34 males aged 20-49 with education background of Senior High School. Giving information about the kind of the people who will be the respondents. 17-18 Stating by the BPLHD about the plan to make an assessment to encourage implementation and a Giving the information about the ways to know the level of commit to user 66 building will be given one of four ratings poor, satisfactory, good and very good. compliance of building owners. 19-20 Stating by the BPLHD will also publish the data on buildings that breach the regulation in the mass media and they hope this way will be affective. Giving more information to support the point of argument 4. 21 Stating by Tulus of YLKI about the plan, the city should impose stern sanction in order to the plan work well. Giving the information about the sanction for the city that disobeys the plan. 22-23 Stating by the YLKI about the plan-the publishing information on buildings will only affect them for a while and the city should impose sanctions with a financial impact. Giving the information that people who disobeys the regulation should get the heavy sanction 24-25 Stating by YLKI that 89 of 549 public buses, minivans and 60 cities of malls also do the violation of smoking ban. Giving more the information about people who violates the smoking ban. Table 4.6 shows that text 1 is Exposition Genre. Text structure above shows that the text starts from the title clause 3, thesis clause 5, arguments that shows the supporting point in one side clause 6-23, and there is no conclusion. 67

12. Cohesion Lexical Strings TEXT 1

Figure 4.1 Lexical String of Text 1 1 2 3 4 5a 5b 5c 5d 5e 6a 6b 6c 7a 7b 7c 8a The Jakarta Post Rep The Jakarta Post Rep Jakarta Syn The city Smoking Rooms Rep Smoking Rooms Rep Public Places Rep Public Places Buildings Rep Buildings Rep Buildings Rep Buildings Rep Buildings Rep Smoking ban Non-smoking area ant Smoke Rep Smoke Rep Smoke BPLHD Syn His office Ridwan P. Syn He People Rep People 68 8b 8c 8d 8e 9a 9b 9c 10 11a 11b 11c 11d 11e 11f 12a 12b 13a 13b Smoking Rooms Rep Smoking Rooms Rep Public places Mer Buildings Syn Smoking area Rep Rep smoke Rep Rep BPLHD Syn Ridwan Syn He Rep He Syn Ridwan Syn They Syn People Syn They Syn 69 13c 13d 14a 14b 14c 14d 14e 14f 15 16 17a 17b 17c 17d 18 19a 19b Rep The City Public closed area C0-hyp Rep Buildings Rep Buildings Rep Buildings The ban Non-smoking area smoke Rep Ridwan Syn He People 70 20a 20b 20c 21a 21b 21c 22 23a 23b 24a 24b 25 The Jakarta Post Rep The City 549 public buses minivan co-hyp Half of 60 city malls Rep Smoking ban Syn The ban commit to user 71 71

13. Cohesion Conjunctive Relation Text 1

Figure 4.2 Conjunctive Relation of Text 1 Internal and impadd 1 2 3 4 5a 5b 5c 6a 6b 6c 7a 7b 7c 8a 8b 8c 8d 8e 9a 9b 9c 10 11a 11b 11c 11d 11e 11f 12a 12b 13a 13b 13c 13d 14a 14b 14c 14d 14e 14f 15 16 External Exptemp Exploc Exppurp Exp opp Exprea Exploc Exptemp Exploc Exppurp Expopp Expadd Exploc Exploc Expcond Exppurp Exptemp after that to but because that when that to but and that that although to after The Jakarta Post Headlines Jakarta to scrap smoking rooms in public places and buildings Indah Setiawati, The Jakarta Post, Jakarta | The city will extend the smoking ban in public after finding that smoking rooms in buildings do not stop The Jakarta Environment Management Board his office would revise the 2005 gubernatorial to do this. “People working in the buildings can still smoke, but they will have to smoke outside the buildings,” he said Monday. He said the smoking free regulation would be imposed on all because a laboratory test found that the non-smoking areas were contaminated when they were available. The 2005 bylaw on air pollution control states that people are not allowed to smoke at all in five types of facilities, namely public transportation, healthcare buildings, schools, children’s areas and places of worship. In offices and public spaces, including malls, restaurants, terminals airports and train stations. but he was confident the entertainment and food industry would comply once they knew the rules. He said according to a survey by BPLHD and the Swisscontact Indonesia Foundation with the University of Indonesia Demography Institute The survey said 93 percent of the respondents were aware of and 60 percent of them stated that the non-smoking areas regulation should prohibit people to smoke in public closed that 62 percent of the respondents would still although they would not be allowed to smoke after the ban is imposed,” Ridwan said. The survey, held from October to November in 2009, involved 747 respondents living in five municipalities in the city. The survey comprised 65 percent females and 34 percent males aged 20-49 years old with education background of Senior High School and above. commit to user 72 72 and impadd 17a 17b 17c 17d 18 19a 19b 20a 20b 20c 21a 21b 21c 22 23a 23b 24a 24b 25 Exppurp Exppurp Exploc Exppurp to to that to The BPLHD, he said, would make an assessment to measure “the level of compliance” of building owners to encourage implementation. A building will then be given one of four “We will also publish data on buildings that breach the regulation in the mass media. We hope prestige and shame will be more effective than law enforcement,” he said. Tulus Abadi from the Indonesian Consumer Protection Foundation YLKI said the city should impose stern sanctions to make this work. “Publishing information on buildings violating the regulations in the media will only affect them for a while. The city should impose sanctions with a financial impact, like revoking permits,” he told The Jakarta Post. YLKI found there were violations of the smoking ban in 89 percent of 549 public buses and minivans surveyed in July 2009. In 2008, the foundation found violations of the ban in half of 60 city malls. commit to user 73 73 Text 2 a. Contextual Configuration The text entitled Should We Be Smoke-free? was taken from News column in the London Evening Standard online newspaper published on October, 27 2003 by Ross Lydall. The title and the whole text are written in Times New Roman font with different size and then they are written in black color. The structure consists of the name of the newspaper, web address, title and writer, illustration and the last is the text itself. The illustration of the text tells about the debate of smoking ban in public places in London, certainly whether the society should follow the footstep of New York to campaign banning the smoking and to rule the ban of smoking in all public places. Meanwhile, the text generally describes about the effort of government and some opinions from the participants.

b. Data Description

1. MOOD system Table 4.7 MOOD System of Text 2 MOOD system Clause number Total Indicative: Declarative: Proposition 3, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 8a, 8b, 8c, 8d, 9a, 9b, 9c, 9d, 10a, 10b, 10c, 10d, 11, 12a, 12b, 12c, 12d, 12e, 13a, 13b, 13c, 13d, 14a, 14b, 14c, 14d, 14e, 15, 16, 17a,17b, 17c, 18, 19, 19b, 19c, 19d, 19e, 19f, 20a, 20b, 20c, 21, 22a, 22b, 23a, 23c, 24a, 25, 26, 27a, 27b, 27c, 28. 61 100 Indicative: declarative: proposal - - - Indicative: Interrogative: - - - commit to user 74 74 proposal Imperative: Proposal - - - Total 61 100 Table 4.7 shows that text 2 applies indicative; declarative; proposition 100. 2. Clause System Table 4.8 Type of Clause of Text 2 Type of Clause Clause number Total Minor Ellipsis 1, 2, 4 3 11 Major: Simplex 3, 5, 11, 15, 16, 18, 21, 22, 25, 26, 28. 11 39 Complex 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 17, 19, 20, 23, 24, 27. 14 50 Total 28 100 Table 4.8 shows that text 2 consists of complex clauses 50, simplex 39 and Minor clauses 11. 3. Type of Interdependence and Logico-Semantic Relation Table 4.9 Type of Interdependence and Logico-Semantic Relation of Text 2 Type of Logico- Semantic Relation Type of Interdependency Hypotactic Paratactic Projection - Locution “ 8c-8d=1, 9a-9b=1, 12c-12d=1, 14a- 14b=1. 19d-19e=1, 23a- 23b=1, 27a-27b=1. - Idea ‘ - - Expansion - Elaboration = 8b-8c=1, 14b-14c =1, 17b-17c=1, 19a- 19b=1, 22a-22b=1, 27b-27c=1. - - Extension + 7c-7d=1, 9c-9d=1, 19e-19f=1, 20b- commit to user 75 75 12b-12c=1, 14c- 14d=1, 19b-19c=1 20c=1 - Enhancement x 7a-7b=1, 8a-8b=1, 9b-9c=1, 10a-10b=1, 10b-10c=1, 10c- 10d=1, 12-12b=1, 12d-12e=1, 13a-13b, 13b-13c=1, 13c- 13d=1, 14d-14e=1, 17a-17b=1, 24a- 24b=1. 6a-6b=1, 7a-7c=1, 20a-20b=1, 23b- 23c=1. Table 4.9 shows that text 2 has four hypotactic locutions, three paratactic locutions, six hypotactic elaborations, five hypotactic extensions, two paratactic extensions, fourteen hypotactic enhancements and four paratactic enhancements. 4. Nominal Groups Table 4.10 Nominal Groups of Text 2 Nominal clause Clause number total Complex 8ai, 9ai, 10div, 11ii iii, 13di, 14ci, 14eii, 15iii, 17ci, 18ii, 19ai, 22ai ii, 25 i ii, 26iii, 27bi. 18 27. 28 Simplex 3, 4, 5, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 8b, 9b, 9c, d, 10a, 10b, 10c, 12a, 12b, 12c, 12d, 12e, 13a, 13b, 13c, 14a, 14b, 16, 17a, 19b, 19c, 19d, 19e, 19f, 20a, 22b, 20c, 23a, 23b, 23c, 24a, 24b, 27a, 27b, 28. 48 72. 72 Total 66 100 Table 4.10 shows that text 2 is dominated by simplex nominal groups 72.72 and followed by complex nominal groups 27.28. 5. Verbal Groups commit to user 76 76 Table 4.11 Verbal Groups of Text 2 Nominal clause Clause number Total Complex 12d, 14b, 14c, 16, 20a 5 8.06 Simplex 3, 5, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 8a, 8b, 8c, 8d, 9a, 9b, 9c, 9d, 11, 12a, 12b, 12c, 12e, 13a, 13b, 13c, 13d, 14a, 14d, 14e, 15, 17a, 17b, 17c, 18, 19a, 19b, 19c, 19d, 19e, 19f, 20b, 20c, 21, 22 a, 22b, 23a, 23b, 23c, 24a, 24b, 25, 26, 27a, 27b, 27c, 28. 57 91.94 Total 62 100 Table 4.11 shows that text 2 mostly consists of simplex verbal groups 91.94 and followed by complex verbal groups 8.06 . 6. Modality 1. Modulation There is no modulation in text 2 because all of the clauses only have mood system which consists of indicative, declarative functioning proposition. 2. Modalization 3 Should we be smoke- free… medium probability 6b Should smoking be banned… medium probability 10b the London Health Commission will begin… Medium probability 11 the result from internet poll… will be passed to… Medium probability. 17a the poll will give Londoners… Medium probability 20a we want to give them… Medium probability 20c whether smoking should or should not be allowed… medium Probability commit to user 77 77 24a it would be a real improvement if smoking… Medium Probability 27b to say that a person cannot smoke in a public… Low Probability. 7. Polarity In this text II have positive and negative polarity since the text contains the finite elements, they are: 7a the debate is set to split the capital… positive polarity 8a the biggest-ever survey about the contentious issue is launched this week positive polarity 9b that seven out of 10 are bothered by other… positive polarity 9c while around out of 10 have left or avoided a restaurant or pub as a result positive polarity 12a though The Mayor doesn’t have the power to introduce… negative polarity 12d he says he is committed to working with partner… positive polarity 16 In the UK, they are also being considered by… positive polarity 19b which was set up by the Mayor three years ago… positive polarity 19d smoking is something that affects all Londoners whether they smoke or not positive polarity 21 arguments are already raging in London’s bars positive polarity 22b which has smoking and no- smoking zones… positive polarity 23b I don’t like being surrounded by smoke negative polarity 25 even smokers I know don’t like the smell of smoke when they are eating negative polarity 27b to say that a person cannot smoke in a public place is, in my opinion… positive polarity 28 obviously, that isn’t fair negative polarity commit to user 78 78 From the finding above, text 2 has four negative polarities and eleven positive polarities. 8. Descriptive and Attitudinal Lexis 1. Descriptive Lexis Public places 6b, 8d, 12e, 27b, 27c The capital 7b Public buildings 7d Research 8b People 8d, 9b Survey 9a Seven areas 18 Public health 19a, 19c Londoners 19e Smoking and non-smoking zones 22b Real improvement 24a 2. Attitudinal Lexis We follow in the footsteps of New York 7c The contentious issue 8a Support a ban 8d Widening no smoking areas or introducing bans 10d Smoking ban 12b, 15 Mayor ability 13c Arguments 21 Infringement 27b Obviously 28 9. Metaphors 1. Ideational Metaphors 7 The debate is set to split the capital… commit to user 79 79 8b following research which shows that three out of four … 9 The Mori survey, commissioned by pressure group Smoke Free London, also showed that 10b the London Health Commission will begin … 13a The Government could also decide … 15 The survey follows the introduction of smoking bans … 17 The poll will give Londoners the chance to say what level… 2. Interpersonal Metaphors 3 should we be smoke-free? 6 … should smoking be banned from public places? 7 should we follow in the footsteps of New York and ban smoking in all public buildings? 14 … I look forward to hearing what the public wants done about smoking in enclosed public places… 20 We want to give them the chance to have their say on whether smoking should or should not be allowed in a range of public settings. 10. Technicality and Nominalization a. Technicality Debate 7a Survey 8a, 9a Research 8b Internet 11 Mayor 13c Liberties 27b b. Nominalization Smoking 6b, 7d, 14c, 24b Decision 11 commit to user 80 80 Government 13a Restrictions 13d, 17c Non-smoking zones 22a Smoking zones 22a Improvement 24a Infringement 27b Developer 26 11. Text Structure and Genre Table 4.12 Text Structure of Text 2 Clause Activity sequence Rhetorical function Text structure 3, 6 Asking the readers about the smoking ban that –should we Londoners be smoke- free or smoking be banned from public places? Announce the title by giving question to the readers. Title 7 Stating the issue about the debate held in London with the issue- should we follow in the footsteps of New York and ban smoking in all public buildings? Giving more detail about the main point of issue by giving the question to the readers whether they support or not. Issue 8-9 Stating the big survey by Mory survey about the Londoner’s vote that three out of four people support a ban in public places and seven out of ten people are bothered by other people’s smoke. Giving the information many Londoners agree to follow the smoking ban. 10 Stating by the London Health Commission will hold a vote on the possibility of widening no smoking areas or introducing bans across Giving the information about the effort to promote the smoking ban in public. commit to user 81 81 the city. Supporting Point 11-14 Stating by the Big Smoke Debate that introducing Ken Livingstone, first mayor of London who work to cut smoking in public places. Giving the information about the effort which done by Mr. Livingstone to support the smoking ban. 15-16 Stating the survey by introducing the smoking ban in New York, San Francisco and UK. Giving more detail by showing the example about the place which are considered by smoking ban to support the point of the argument 2. 17-18 Stating based on the polling that Londoners will give the chance to choose the level restriction in seven areas; cafes, restaurants, pubs, and bars. Giving more information to support the point of the argument 2 19 Stating by Len Duvall of LHC was set up by the Mayor Ken Livingstone to improve public health-smoking is something that affects all Londoners whether they smoke or not. Giving more information about Len Duval who help Ken Livingstone to promote the health by avoiding the smoking. 20-22 Stating by Len Duval about the chance that will be given to Londoners to decide whether they are allowed smoking or not, especially in bars. Giving more information to support the point of the argument 3 23-25 Stating by one of the Londoners –Miss Hollamby- she does not like being surrounded by smoke particularly in restaurant and she Giving more detail by giving the example to support the smoking should be banned in public places. It support commit to user 82 82 state that some smokers also do not like the smell of smoke when they are eating. the point of argument 3 26-28 Stating by the other Londoners namely Dominic Woods, a properly developer that he disagree if the smoking is banned in public places, it is not fair. Giving the information by showing the opposition point to support free smoking in public places. Contrastive point. Table 4.12 shows that text 2 is belong to the Discussion Genre. It contains the title clause 3, 6, the issue 7 the arguments that support the issue clause 8-25 and attract the issue 26-28. The writer does not present a recommendation as the conclusion of the text. 83

12. Cohesion Lexical Strings TEXT 2

Figure 4.2 Lexical Strings of Text 2 1 2 3 4 5 6a 6b 7a 7b 7c 7d 8a 8b 8c 8d 9a 9b Smoke Rep Smoking Rep We Syn The capital Rep We Banned Co-hyp Ban smoking Hyp Ban Public Places Co-hyp Public Buildings Rep Public Places Co-hyp The debate Co-hyp NewYork Ant Survey Co-hyp Mory survey 3 out of 4 people Mer 7 out of 10 4 out of 10 84 9c 9d 10a 10b 10c 10d 11 12a 12b 12c 12d 12e 13a 13b 13c 13d 14a 14b 14c 14d Smoking Rep smoking Syn Government Rep Bans Rep Smoking ban Co-hyp Restaurant Or pub Rep Public places Co-hyp Enclosed public places The big smoke debate London Mer Ant Mory result Syn The result Hypo Londoners Mer The city Co-hyp 2 million smokers Hyp The public LHC co- hyp Ken L. Syn The mayor Syn He rep He Syn The mayor Co- hyp Mr. L. Smoking area Ant 85 14e 15 16 17a 17b 17c 18 19a 19b 19c 19d 19e 19f 20a 20b 20c 21 22a 22b Rep Smoking Rep Smoke Rep Smoking Rep Rep We Rep A ban NY SF Ant UK Co-hyp hyp Londoners Syn They Rep They Rep Londoners Rep They Syn Them Syn Their Co-hyp Mer Len D. Non-smoking zone Tammy H. Syn 86 23a 23b 23c 24a 24b 25 26 27a 27b 27c 28 Smoke Rep Smoking Rep Smoke Rep Smoke Syn It Rep Banned Syn That Smokers Mer Person Co-hyp The smoking side Miss H. Syn I Rep I Property deliver Syn Mr. woods commit to user 87 87

13. Cohesion Conjunctive Relation text 2

Figure 4.4 Conjunctive Relation of Text 2 Internal and impadd 1 2 3 4 5 6a 6b 7a 7b 7c 7d 8a 8b 8c 8d 9a 9b 9c 9d 10a 10b 10c 10d 11 12a 12b 12c 12d 12e 13a 13b 13c 13d 14a 14b 14c 14d 14e 15 16 17a 17b 17c 18 External Exppurp Expadd Expelab Exploc Exploc Exptime Expalter Exppurp Expcond Exppurp Exppurp Exppurp Exppurp Expela Expadd Exppurp Exppurp Expela to and which that that while or to though to to to to what and to to what London evening standard Standard.co.UK Should we be smoke-free? By Ross Lydall, Evening Standard Last updated at 00:00am on 27.10.03 Add your view Put it out: should smoking be banned from public places? The debate is set to split the capital – should we follow in the footsteps of New York and ban smoking in all public buildings? The biggest-ever survey about the contentious issue is launched this week, following research which shows that three out of four people support a ban in public places - from pubs and bars to railway stations, shopping centers and offices. The Mori survey, commissioned by pressure group that seven out of 10 are bothered by other peoples while around four out of 10 have left or avoided a restaurant or pub as a result. Following the Mori results, the London Health Commission will begin asking Londoners tomorrow to vote on the possibility of widening nonsmoking areas or introducing bans across the city. The results from the internet poll - known as the Big Though the Mayor does not have the power to introduce a smoking ban, he says he is committed to working with partners to cut smoking in public places. The Government could also decide to pass laws giving the Mayor the ability to introduce restrictions on the estimated two million smokers in London. Mr Livingstone said: I look forward to hearing what the public wants done about smoking in places and to working to increase Londoners access to healthier, smoke- free venues. The survey follows the introduction of smoking bans in bars and restaurants in New York and San Francisco. to say what level of restriction - if any - they want. They will be asked about seven areas - cafes, restaurants, pubs and bars, shopping centres, railway stations, taxis and offices. commit to user 88 88 and impadd butimpopp 19a 19b 19c 19d 19e 19f 20a 20b 20c 21 22a 22b 23a 23b 23c 24a 24b 25 26 27a 27b 27c 28 Expela Exppurp Exploc Expela Exppurp Expela Expela Expcond Expcond Expopp Exppurp Exploc which To that whether to whether which if even but to that Len Duvall, chairman of the London Health Commission, which was set up by the Mayor three years ago to improve public health, said: Smoking is something that affects all Londoners whether they smoke or not. We want to give them the chance to have their say on whether smoking should or should not be allowed in a range of public settings. Arguments are already raging in Londons bars. In Clapham Commons SW4 bar which has smoking and no-smoking zones - Tammy Hollamby, a nursery nurse from Borough, welcomed the idea of a ban. Miss Hollamby, 24, said: I dont like being surrounded by smoke. It would be a real improvement if smoking was banned altogether from certain places, particularly restaurants. Even smokers I know dont like the smell of smoke when they are eating. But on the smoking side of the bar, property developer Dominic Woods disagreed. Mr Woods, To say that a person cannot smoke in a public place that individuals civil liberties. Obviously, that isnt fair. commit to user 89 89

C. Data Interpretation

1. Data Interpretation of Text 1 Jakarta to scrap smoking rooms in public places and buildings Based on the data descriptions of lexicogrammar, cohesion system, text structure and genre, the tenor of the text can be analyzed. Tenor consists of status, affect and contact.

a. Status

Status means the relative position of interlocutor in a social hierarchy. Its basic opposition is between equal and unequal status, depending on the social ranking of the participants Martin, 1992, p. 525-526. The participants inside text 1 are the 2005 bylaw on air pollution control, Swisscontact Indonesia Foundation, University of Indonesia Demography Institute, head of law enforcement from BPLHD Ridwan Panjaitan, and Tulus Abadi from Indonesia Consumer Protection Foundation YLKI. The status between the writer, the reader, and the participants inside the text is equal. It can be seen through the use of MOOD system since it reflects the same position of the writer. There is no proposal clause in the text since the writer does not use her role as ‘adviser’ who has greatest position. It means that all of the clauses in this text are indicative, declarative functioning proposition clause due to the function of the text informing the issue to the readers. The dominance of full indicative, declarative clauses indicates that the text share a common focus on the giving of information. The writer tries to commit to user 90 90 give detail information and description in the form of statement about the society in Jakarta will agree to extend the rule of smoking-ban law if the public do not smoke in infiltrating non-smoking areas. The total of indicative, declarative, proposition is 100 .

b. Affect

Affect concerns to the degree of emotional charge in the relationship between the participants Martin 1992, p.525. Affect refers to the judgment of the writer toward the case exposed and the participants involved in the text. The judgment itself can be positive or negative. The degree of affect can be seen from the polarity analysis. This text is dominated by positive polarity and followed by negative polarity. The positive polarity consists of five clauses such as in clause “that the non-smoking areas were contaminated …” 8d, “when they were available” 8e, “but he was confident the entertainment ”11d, “93 percent of the respondents were aware of the regulations ” 13b, and “after the ban is imposed” 14e. It means that the writer employs the positive judgment toward the issue presented in the text. The writer also carries positive tendency by showing the support of smoking ban in public spaces to the readers. Besides, the text has negative polarity which is applied in clause “that smoking rooms in buildings do not stop smoke…”5c, “that people are not allowed…”9b. Although this text applies the negative polarity, it is actually only to show the fact that there are still many people who did not obey the rule of smoking ban. Therefore, the commit to user 91 91 text tries to show the effort on holding a change in order to the city would obey the rule to avoid the smoking in public spaces. The judgment toward the participants The Jakarta Environment Management Board BPLHD, the 2005 bylaw on air pollution control, Swisscontact Indonesia Foundation, University of Indonesia Demography Institute, and Consumer Protection Foundation YLKI is obviously positive. In this case, the writer attempts to give detail information about the participant’s effort through giving the facts that they support the issue. By the nominal group system, the illustration about the express ing of the speaker’s attitude will be known. These facts can be found in some clauses, such as “… don‟t stop smoke [Infiltrating non-smoking areas]” 5c, “people [working in the buildings] ” 7a, “…of facilities [namely public transportation, healthcare b uildings, schools, children‟s areas and places of worship” 9c, “According to a survey [by BPLHD and the Swiss contact Indonesia Foundation with the University of Indonesia Demography Institute, [that 96 percent of respondents]] supported the plan for 100 percent free]” 12b, The survey comprised 65 percent females and 34 percent males “[aged 20-49 years old [with education background of Senior High School and above]] ” 16, etc. Those examples indicate that the writer shows the positive judgment toward the issue since the participants show the positive tendency to solve the smoking in public places. Furthermore, the positive judgment can be detected through the employment of modality expression. There are low and medium probability commit to user 92 92 presented the text. Th e low probability are applied in clauses “people working in the building can still smoke” 7a and “the new regulation could spark opposition in night club…” 11c. However, the readers are also known by some clauses seem like giving a negative opinion, but they still show the positive judgment. Those clauses actually only give more fact to support the previous clause that is stated by BLHD as the Environment Management in Jakarta will revise the 2005 law on air pollution since there are still people who do not allow to smoke in five types of facilities, such as public transportations, healthcare buildings, schools, children’s areas and train stations. Moreover, the medium probability in this text presents the positive judgment. It can be proved by applying the positive tendency to support the issue, for example in the clauses “the city will extend the smoking…” 5a, “his office would revise the 2005 by law air pollution…” 7a, “the smoking free regulation would be imposed on all…”8b, etc. Furthermore, the judgment from the writer to the readers can be seen through the attitudinal. The employment of attitudinal lexis of text 1 are Free regulation, supported the plan, not be allowed to smoke, encourage implementation, we hope prestige and shame, more effective than law enforcement, stern sanctions, and affect them for a while. Those clauses show that the judgment from the writer to the readers is positive. The writer wants to give much positive side of the issue, for example by saying supported the plan, and implicitly it shows that the writer wants the readers have the same judgment that is the positive judgment. commit to user 93 93 The employment of descriptive lexis in the text indicates that the writer wants to describe detail information about the issue. The descriptive lexis in this text is presented by the terms; smoking rooms, public places, public buildings, non-smoking areas, office, people, Monday, laboratory test, law on air pollution control, five types of facilities, new regulation, night clubs, bars, and restaurants, food industry, survey, public closed areas, females, males, and public buses and minivans. By applying descriptive lexis in text 1, the writer expresses and describes the experiential reality to the readers in order to have similar opinion with the writer. In addition, the positive judgment can be seen through the genre that is the Exposition genre. In this case, the writer mentions that the smoking should be banned in the public places. The writer also tries to explore and describe detail by giving some facts about the smoking occurring in public places in Jakarta. Implicitly, the writer tends to judge positively toward the issue by taking more positive arguments in the text.

c. Contact

Martin says that contact concerns the degree of involvement among interlocutors 1992, p. 528. Contact is divided into two, such as involved and uninvolved contact depending on a number of factors influencing the familiarity of participants with other. Moreover, contact relates to the degree of language familiarity applied by the writer in exposing the issue. It evaluates the language used in the text whether the language is familiar or not commit to user 94 94 to the readers. Contact can be realized through cohesion system, grouping system, clause system, metaphor system, lexis system, and text structure. The contact of this text seems to be familiar. It can be seen from the clause system. The text consists of simplex clauses 68, complex clause 16 and followed by minor clauses 4. The use of minor clauses is still easy to comprehend. Minor clause functions giving detail information about location of the issue. Complex and simplex clauses relate to the logical relation as proved in conjunction relation. The use of complex clauses implies the use of explicit logical relation while the simplex group implies the use of implicit logical relation that requires high ability to understand the text. Due to the level of The Jakarta Post‟s readers this kind of relations does not give many difficulties for the readers to understand. The use of hypotactic and paratactic enhancement in the text also made the text easy to understand since the sequences of the event is clear and the content can be caught clearly by the reader. Contact is related to the degree of nature of involvement of the participants. Poynton in An Introduction to Systemic Functional linguistics book by Suzanne Eggins says that actually there are correlations between contact and the choice of vocatives 2004, p. 65. Vocative or term of address is the words that people call each other. The status is called equal when the vocative is reciprocal and unequal if the vocative is non-reciprocal. Text 1 has two kinds of vocatives: ‘he’ and the possessive pronoun ‘his’ and ‘we’ is used in some clauses such as ‘He said the smoking free regulation would be commit to user 95 95 imposed on all spaces in buildings because a laboratory test…” 8, “the Jakarta Environment Management Board BPLHD head of law enforcement Ridwan Panjaitan said his office would revise the 2005 gubernatorial decree to do this” 6, and “We will also publish data on buildings that breach the regulation in the mass media” 19. The clause number six shows that equal status since the writer call Ridwan P. without title like mister, etc. The writer uses those vocatives in her some clauses aims to show the equality status between her and the participants inside the text. The writer does not apply any advice, force, and dictate to the participants inside the text. Besides, the use of “we” creates the intimate communication between the writer and the readers. This is the one strategy to persuade the readers in order to follow the writer’s mind. From the analysis of group system, the text is dominated by simplex nominal group 76.27 and simplex verbal group 98.21. It indicates that the text is easy to be understood by the readers since the writer describes the sequences of event in simple ways. There are also some complex nominal and verbal groups in the text with embedded functioning as qualifier. It means that the text is still easy to understand since the target readers are well-educated people who master English. Furthermore, the employment of technicality and nominalization is also influent of the text whether the text is easy or not. The use of technicality in the text are headline, laboratory test, pollution, industry, survey, mass media and the use of nominalization such as smoking room, smoking ban, non- commit to user 96 96 smoking areas, enforcement, regulation, entertainment, education, implementation, assessment. All those terms are familiar in the smoking case so that the readers who mostly are educated people will not find difficulties in understanding the technicality and nominalization presented in the text. The Jakarta Post is an influential newspaper oriented towards local English-speaking expatriates and the diplomatic community. The background of The Jakarta Post readers is people who have high educational level and they belong to middle and high level of social background. In short, the readers of The Jakarta Post are capable of understanding the text constructed in solid and written style. Besides, this text has some ideational metaphors that also can measure the level of understanding a text. The employment of the metaphor is “Jakarta to scrap smoking rooms…” 3, “the city will extend the smoking ban in public places and buildings ” 5a, “that smoking rooms in buildings do not stop smoke…” 5c, “his office would revise the 2005 gubernatorial decree 6b, “the 2005 by law on air pollution states…” 9a, “the survey said…” 13a, “the survey revealed…” 14a, “the survey comprised 65 percent females and 34 percent males…” 16, “a building will then be given one of four ratings…” 18 “the city should impose stern sanctions…” 21b. The presence of those ideational in the text does not make the text difficult to comprehend since the readers of the Jakarta Post are educated people who master English. Those metaphors are used by the writer since she wants to make variation in expressing her ideas. commit to user 97 97 Contact can be detected through the cohesion system analysis consisting of lexical string and conjunctive relation. It aims to measure whether the text is cohesive or not. The lexical strings of the text 1 consist of repetition, synonymy, antonym, meronymy, and co-hyponymy. The repetition are shown by term: the Jakarta post 1 – the Jakarta post 5a – the Jakarta post 23b, smoking rooms 3 – smoking rooms 5b – smoking rooms 8d – smoking rooms 13a, public places 3 – public places 5c – public places 10, buildings 3 – buildings 5a – buildings 5b – buildings 7a – buildings 7 – buildings 8b – buildings 17c – buildings 18 – buildings 19a, non-smoking areas 5c – non-smoking areas 13d, smoke 5c – smoke 7a – smoke 7b – smoke 9c – smoke 13d, BPLHD 6a – BPLHD 12b, he 7c – he 11b – he 11d – he 17b, the ban 14e. Repetition is used when a lexis term is repeated. In this case, repetition is to emphasize freedom of expression and conflict that is discussed in the text. The use of synonymy is to describe the issue clearer and to avoid monotonous word since the text uses various words which have similar meaning. The employment synonymy in the text, such as Jakarta 3 – the city 5a, BPLHD 6a – his office 6b, smoking ban 5a – the ban 14e, people 7b – they 8e. The use of antonym aims to show one side opinion as the reason to show another one that may have more important information. The employment of antonym of this text is non- smoking ban 5c – smoking area 8d. However, the use of the meronymy is to show the part and whole relation which applies more specific part in the text so that it makes clearer. The employment of meronymy of this text are commit to user 98 98 public places 10 – public closed-area 13d. Moreover, the use of co- hyponymy in the text is to show the relation of class of words included into the same class. The writer wants to give clear explanation to the case. The employment of co-hyponymy of this text is public closed-area 13d – public buses and minivan 24b – city mall 25. Due to the use of meronymy and co- hyponymy, the writer can easily explore the idea in broader language use. Furthermore, the employment of explicit conjunctions is to connect information in the text that makes the logic of text is easy and clear to comprehend. The explicit conjunctions of this text are temporal clause 5b, 8e, 14e, locution clause 5c, 8d, 9b, 13d, 14b, 19b, purpose clause 6c, 9c, 14d, 17c, 17d, 21c, opposition clause 7b, 11d reason clause 8c, addition clause 13c, and condition clause 14c . The use of implicit conjunction is to link the ideas within sentences. The implicit conjunctions of this text are locution clause 6b, 8b, 11b, 11c, 12b, 13b, 14f, 17b, 20a, 23a, 24b, and addition clause 11e, 11f, 20b. Although there are some implicit conjunctions that come out in text 1, it still shows that the text is easy to comprehend since the target readers are educated people who do not get difficulties in understanding English. In addition, text structure also supports the familiarity of the text. The text structure of text 1 consists of title, thesis, and supporting points. The text begins with the title; then it is followed by the thesis that describes the issue being discussed in the text. The next step is only supporting points presented commit to user 99 99 text 1. It is signed that the writer wants to stand on one side of the issue. The writer also gives many facts and elaborations to support the thesis of the issue. 2. Data interpretation of Text 2 Should we be smoke-free? Based on the data descriptions of lexicogrammar, cohesion system, text structure and genre, the tenor of text 2 can be analyzed. Tenor consists of status, affect and contact.

a. Status

Status means the degree of relationship among the participants. Its basic opposition is between equal and unequal status, depending on the social ranking of the participants Martin, 1992, p. 525-526. The participants in this text are the writer, the reader, and the participants inside the text. Based on the analysis of lexicogrammar, the status among participants is equal. The participants in text 2 are Smoke Free London, London Health Commission, Big smoke debate, and the government. In this text, the status between the writer and the participants inside the text is equal. It can be built from the MOOD system. The text is dominated by indicative, declarative clauses which indicate that these clauses are in the form of statement, for example Mr. Livingstone said: I look forward to hearing what the public wants done about smoking in enclosed public places and to working to increase Londoners access to healthier, smoke-free venues. The writer provides the statement given by Mr. Livingston who wants to hear the commit to user 100 100 public toward the smoking ban. By applying that statement, the writer wants the readers to know and consider avoiding smoke in public places. The proposition clauses included in the text are used to give description about the effort which was done by the participants to ban the smoking in public places.

b. Affect

Affect concerns with the degree of emotional charge in the relationship between the participants Martin 1992, p.525. Affect refers to the positive or negative judgment of the writer toward the case exposed and the participants involved in the text. Affect can be seen from the writer judgment to the case and the writer to the readers. It can be detected through the polarity analysis. This text is dominated by positive polarity and followed by negative polarity. The positive polarity consists of 11 clauses they are in clause “the debate is set to split the capital…” 7a, the biggest-ever survey about the contentious issue is launched this week” 8a, “that seven out of 10 are bothered by other…” 9b, “while around out of 10 have left or avoided a restaurant or pub as a result” 9c, “he says he is committed to working with partner…” 12d, “In the UK, they are also being considered by…” 16, “which was set up by the Mayor three years ago…” 19b, “smoking is something that affects all Londoners whether they smoke or not” 19d, “arguments are already raging in London‟s bars” 21, “which has smoking and no-smoking zones…” 22b. “to say that a person cannot smoke in a public place is, in my opinion…” 27b. It means that the writer employs the positive judgment to the readers. commit to user 101 101 The writer carries more positive tendency to the readers by showing the support of smoking ban in public spaces in London. Besides, the text has negative polarity which is applied in clause “I don’t like being surrounded by smoke” 23b, “even smokers I know don’t like the smell of smoke when they are eating” 25. Although, the writer applies the negative polarity, it has positive judgment to support the smoking ban in public places in London. Those clauses show that a Londoner gives argument that she does not like surrounding and smelling of smoke. However the negative polarity in clause though The Mayor doesn‟t have the power to introduce…” 12a also indicates that positive judgment toward the issue. The mayor Ken Livingstone of London Health Commission doesn’t have power to introduce smoking ban to Londoners so the government help him to do this. There are another negative polarity clause that is shown in the term “obviously, that isn‟t fair” 28. It is different from the other negative polarity since the clause indicates the negative judgment toward the issue. The writer puts her negative assessment to show disagreement toward the case in some clauses. The clause argues that the smoking ban should not be banned in public places since it relates to the individual’s civil liberties. The writer provides the negative polarity to fulfill the discussion text that is in the form of demanding information, ‘should smoking be banned from public places?’. It conclude that text 2 still belongs to positive judgment between the writer and toward the issue since the writer provides more positive side while the negative side is applied in weakness opinion. commit to user 102 102 The judgment between the writer and the participants Smoke Free London, London Health Commission, Big smoke debate, and the government is positive. In this case, the writer tries to provide detail information about the participants inside the text to support the smoking ban in the public areas. By the nominal group system, the illustration about the expressing of the speaker’s attitude will be proved. These facts can be supported in some clauses, such as “the survey follows the introduction of smoking bans [in bars and restaurants]” 15, “They will be asked about seven areas [cafes, restaurants, pubs and bars, shopping centres, railway stations, taxis and offices ]” 18, etc. Those clauses indicate that the writer provides the positive judgment toward the issue since the participants show the positive tendency to solve the smoking in public places in London. The positive judgment can be detected through the employment of modality expression. The low and medium probability is also applied in this text; they are in clause “should we be smoke-free…” 3, “should smoking be banned…” 6b, “the London Health Commission will begin…” 10b, “the result from internet poll… will be passed to…” 11, “we want to give them…” 20, “whether smoking should or should not be allowed…” 20c, and “it would be a real improvement if smoking…” 24a. The writer expresses the positive judgment toward the case. Those clauses indicate that participants in the text provide many ways to introduce smoking ban in society. commit to user 103 103 Further, the writer tries to show the positive tendency by creating the positive judgment from the view of the writer to the reader through the attitudinal lexis. The employment of the attitudinal lexis can be found in the clauses we follow in the footsteps of New York, the contentious issue, support a ban, widening no smoking areas or introducing bans, smoking ban. The writer provides the supporting issue by giving the positive information in the text. However, the clause contentious issue and infringement shows negative judgment toward the issue. The writer applies the participant that they do not agree avoiding smoking ban. He said that the smoking bans will disturb the individual’s civil liberties. It concludes that in the case of judgment seen from the use of attitudinal lexis, the judgment between the writer toward the issue is negative by showing the disagreement case while the judgment between the writer to the readers is positive since the writer aims to show more positive side in her text. Furthermore, the judgment between the writer and the readers can be seen from the descriptive lexis. The employment of descriptive lexis in the text indicates that the writer wants to describe the same experiential reality to make clear information without giving any opinion. The descriptive lexis in this text is presented by the terms; Public places, the capital, public buildings, research, people, survey, seven areas, public health, Londoners, smoking and non-smoking zones, real improvement. In addition, text 2 presents the discussion genre as deciding whether the text is positive or negative judgment to the readers. In the text structure, commit to user 104 104 the writer actually puts clause “should smoking be banned from public places? ”. It aims to make the readers consider their own opinion that the smoking should be banned in public places or not. The next step the writer applies two different opinions in its structure text; support and contrast argument. Text 2 is dominated by support argument 8-9, 10, 11-14, 15-16, 17-18, 19, 20, 20-22, 23-25 and followed by contrast argument 26-28. The dominantly of support argument that is presented in this text indicate the writer wants the readers to have same judgment since the writer only applies the weakness contrast argument. However, the contrastive argument is used by the writer to show her negative argument toward the issue. In short, the readers implicitly will know the smoking in public areas is needed to be banned, although the writer does not provide any recommendation in her text. 3. Contact Contact concerns to the degree of involved and uninvolved among participants. It means that contact relates to the familiarity of participants with other. Contact can be realized through cohesion system, grouping system, clause system, metaphor system, lexis system, and text structure. Contact is related to the degree of nature of involvement of the participants. The involvement between the writer and the readers in this text is infrequent. The intimacy between the writer and the readers is far. The writer uses title plus sure name such as mayor, Mr., Miss, etc in addressing to the participants in the text and she does not show “I” to call herself. Those vocatives are employed in clauses “following the Mori results, the London commit to user 105 105 Health Commission will begin asking Londoners tomorrow to vote on the possibility of widening no smoking areas or i ntroducing bans across the city” 10, “Though the Mayor does not have the power to introduce a smoking ban” 12, he says he is committed to “Mr. Livingstone said: I look forward to hearing what the public wants done about smoking in enclosed public …” 14, and “Miss Hollamby, 24, said: I dont like being surrounded by smoke” 23. The use of address form “we” in clause “we want to give them the chance to have their say on whether smoking should or should not be allowed in a range of public settings ” 20 only indicates that the writer tries to share same experience and knowledge to the readers dealing with the case. The text is categorized into familiarity language. It is supported by clause system. This text consists of simplex clauses 50, complex clauses 39 and followed by minor clauses 11. Minor clauses in this text show that the text is easy to comprehend since the clause functioning to give detail information about the location of the issue. The use of complex clauses implies the use of explicit logical relation while the simplex clauses indicate the use of implicit logical relation that requires high ability to understand the text. This text is taken from the dominant regional evening newspaper for London and the southeast of England which covers national and international news, so this kind of relations does not give many difficulties for the readers to understand. Further, the text provides technicality and nominalization which also give the role in deciding a text whether easy or not to be understood. The commit to user 106 106 employment of technicality in the text is debate, survey, research, internet, mayor, and liberties while the nominalization are smoking decision, government, restrictions, improvement, infringement, developer. The less of technicality and nominalization gives the readers will not find the difficulties in understanding the text. London Evening Standard is a free local daily newspaper published on Monday - Friday. It is dominant regional evening newspaper for London and surrounding area. It covers national and international news. The background of London Evening Standard readers is people who use English as the main language, so they do not have difficulties to comprehend the meaning of text. Besides, this newspaper covers many important columns, such as politics and social scene. It indicates that the readers of this newspaper are middle to upper class of educated people. Contact can be detected through cohesive system analysis. Its system aims to measure whether the text is cohesive or not. The first cohesive system is lexical string. Text 2 provides repetition, synonymy, antonym, meronymy, and co-hyponymy. The repetition for example is shown by terms of: smoke 3 – smoking 6b – smoking 12e – smoking 14c – smoking 19d – smoke 19f – smoking 20c – smoke 23c – smoking 24b – smoke 27c. The repetitions above indicate that the issue concerns in one topic “the smoking” so that the words come out in the most clauses of inside the text. The use of synonymy is to describe the issue clearer and to avoid monotonous word since the text uses various words which have similar meaning. The employment commit to user 107 107 synonymy in the text is we 3 – the capital 7b – the government 13a, people 8d – Londoners 10c – the city 10d – the public 14c. The use of antonym purposes to apply one side opinion as the reason to show another side opinion which may have more important information. The employment of antonym of this text is smoking area 10d – non-smoking zone 22a. However, the use of meronymy and co-hyponymy purpose to explore the idea in language use, such as public places 6b – restaurant or pub 9c, survey 8a – Mory survey 9a. Text 2 is dominated by simplex nominal groups 72.72 and simplex verbal groups 91.94. It is categorized in easy text since the text is arranged by simple sequence of events. However, the complex nominal 27.28 and verbal groups 8.06 presented in the text are embedded functioning as qualifier. It means that the text is still easy to understand since the target readers do not have difficulties in using language. The employment of ideational and interpersonal metaphor in this text is also influent to measure whether the text is easy or not to be understood. The ideational metaphor in this text does not make the text difficult to comprehend since the readers of the London Evening Standard newspaper are English-speaking expatriates and the diplomatic community in London. Those metaphors are used by the writer since she wants to make variation in expressing her ideas. The ideational and the interpersonal metaphors are for example applied in the clauses “The Mori survey, commissioned by pressure group Smoke Free London, also showed that …” 9, “the London Health commit to user 108 108 Commission will begin …” 10b, “… should smoking be banned from public places?” 6, “should we follow in the footsteps of New York and ban s moking in all public buildings?” 7. Further, explicit and implicit conjunction in text 2 relates to the connection information in the text. It logically makes the text is clear to comprehend and link the ideas between one sentence to another sentences. The explicit conjunctions of this text are purpose, addition, elaboration, temporal, alternative, locution, and condition. Another side of the implicit conjunction comes out in this text, such as addition, purpose, and locution. It still shows that the text is easy to comprehend since the target readers belong to English speaker. The last system to know the familiarity of the text is presented by genre and its text structure. The writer applies the supporting points is stronger than the contrastive point. It is signed that the writer implicitly wants to stand on one side of the issue. This structure is applied in simple ways and sequence steps starting from the title, followed by supporting points and finally applied the contrastive point without giving recommendation. It concludes that the text has high familiarity and readability even the target readers use English as their language.

D. DISCUSSION