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b. Descriptive and Attitudinal Lexis
Descriptive lexis is a lexis that describes the experiential reality without any opinion or implicit meaning while attitudinal lexis tells
about the experiential reality that has any implicit meaning, opinion, sense and attitude of the writer toward the reality. Moreover,
attitudinal lexis shows the interpersonal meaning of wordstext ibid: 126.
For example: 1.
The livestock sector in Nigeria is characterized by low productivity descriptive lexis
2. If there is any specimen lower than a fornicating preacher, it must
be a shady scientist attitudinal lexis Adapted from Santosa, 2003: 127
In number 1, the words livestock, sector and low show descriptive lexis since those words describe the experiential reality without any opinion
from the writer whereas the words specimen, fornicating and shady in number 2 show the attitudinal lexis because those words contain certain
ideology opinion that can be used to attack the other writer. The descriptive lexis is appropriate to use on academic text that describes the
phenomena objectively, but attitudinal lexis is appropriate for popular essay such as politic, economic, and social field essay, etc ibid: 127.
6 Metaphor
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Metaphor is related to the meaning as a part of variation expression that describes how the meaning is expressed but it does not describe how
the word is used. Halliday divides metaphor into two types: ideational and interpersonal metaphor 1994: 341. Ideational metaphor occurs when
non-living things do activities like what living things do; for example, the city will extend the smoking ban in public places taken from the data
analysis text 1. Interpersonal metaphor turns on two conditions: mood and modality metaphors. Mood metaphor expresses the function of speech
such as statement, question, offer and command, for example, I‟ll shoot
the pianist while modality metaphor happens when the speaker’s opinion
concerns to the probability , for instance using the word ‘I think‟, I think, it
is going to rain ibid: 363.
G. COHESION
Cohesion in a text tells about a relationship between first paragraph and the next one that has the correlation meaning. In addition, cohesion also shows the
identification of a relationship between the previous paragraph and the next paragraph whether it is recognized as the cohesion or not Widdowson, 2006: 48,
or simply, cohesion is used to link the parts of a text together. The important thing in the course of cohesion is
the writer can establish in the reader’s mind toward the understanding previous context to the nextnew context.
There are two types of cohesion: Grammatical and lexical cohesion. Grammatical cohesion is a unit of form symboltextual and meaning
experiential, logical, rhetorical, or interpersonal as a result of grammatical
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