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4. Epithet
Epithet is a pre-modifier item that describes the quality of thing in terms of its size, shape, color or condition. In English, epithet can be
realized into adjective, present participle, and past participle Santosa, 2003: 101.
13e to smoke in public closed areas E T
Taken from the data analysis text 1
5. Classifier
It is a pre-modifier item that classifies thing based on the types or kinds. Classifier can be realized by noun, adjective, and gerund.
8d that the non-smoking areas were contaminated by smoking rooms C
T Taken from the data analysis text 1
6. Qualifier
Qualifier functions in the nominal group as the post-modifier that adds information about the thing. It can be realized by adjective clause,
present participle phrase, past participle phrase, infinitive phrase, adjective phrase, prepositional phrase and ordinalcardinal phrase Santosa, 2003:
103. 5c … smoke [[infiltrating non-smoking area]]
Q Taken from the data analysis text 1
b. Verbal Group
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Mainly, it is a verb group that has a verb as the main point of the group itself. In transitivity, verbal group expresses the event concept such
as what is going on, happening, saying, doing, sensing, acting, etc. In English, based on the form, this verbal group consists of finite
and non-finite, the secondary tenses and based on the voice it has active and passive. The finite involves the tenses past, present, future and
modal can, must, should, etc components while the non-finite does not. The active verb shows agent as subject while passive verb shows goal of
process, phenomenon, value or verbiage as subject in passive clause Santosa, 2003:104.
For example: 15 The survey follows the introduction of smoking bans
F P Taken from the data analysis text 2
The verbal group also has logical structure meaning as it realizes the system of tenses, consisting
of primary α or modal and secondary tense , , etc, or event. Those tenses have three signs, they are
-
for past,
о
for present, and
+
for future. 8b Smoking free regulation would be imposed on all spaces in buildings
α
mod pass
event
Taken from the data analysis text 1
5 Lexis System
Lexis is a system which realizes the ideational, interpersonal and textual meaning of the verbal social process or text. Lexis in textual
meaning refers to the congruent and incongruent system continuing with
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technicality and abstraction. However lexis in interpersonal meaning explains the descriptive and attitudinal lexis Santosa, 2003: 12.
a. Congruent and Incongruent Lexis
Congruent is a process which is realized by a direct process taken from the physical reality change to symbolical reality. It for
example noun is symbolized by nominal group, processactivity is symbolized by verbal group, circumstance is symbolized by adverbia
groupl, etc. For example:
Arinda got an accident yesterday Table 2.19 Congruent Lexis
Physical reality Arinda, an accident noun
Got process Yesterday cir.time
Symbolical reality Nominal group
Verbal group Adverbial group
Based on the example above, we can see those words are called congruent since physical reality match to the symbolical reality, for
instance the words Arinda, an accident are in the physical reality called noun and then it is still functioned as nominal group in the
symbolical reaality, the word got is in the physical reality called process and it is called verbal group in the symbolical reality, and the
last is the word yesterday is in the physical reality called circumstance and it is called adverbial group in the symbolical relaity.
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Meanwhile, incongruent is a process in which symbol has indirect process with the reality. It is realized by changing a group into
other grammatical system. It is called grammatical metaphor that consists of two types: nominalization and abstraction. Abstraction and
nominalization is a process of changing verb into noun. This nominalization is used for neutralizing some idea and making brief
defiinition so that it is effective in scientific written text. Moreover, there is another type which is made by means of nominalization called
technicality. Technicality is a nominalization or abstraction of process that produces the specific terms of certain field ibid: 123-124.
For example: The factor of cold lava flood in Boyolali was the explosion of Merapi
Mountain on October, 30
th
. Table 2.20 Incongruent Lexis
Physical reality factor logical relation
cold lava flood process explosion process
Symbolical reality noun
noun noun
The words factor, cold lava flood and explosion are classified into incongruent in which the symbol has indirect relation with the physical
reality.
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b. Descriptive and Attitudinal Lexis
Kategori