31
CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH
According to Azwar 1999:5, research can be classified in some ways and point of views. Based on the approach of its analysis, research can be done by two
ways, quantitative research and qualitative research. Research based on the quantitative approach emphasizes the analysis of numerical data numbers that are
processed by using statistical methods. Research based on the qualitative approach emphasizes the analysis of the process of deductive and inductive inference as well
as the analysis of the dynamics of the relationship between the phenomena that are observed by using scientific logic.
In writing this research, research based on qualitative approach is applied by collecting some theories and information about transitivity system from books,
thesis, internet, and other sources to support the writing.
3.1. Nature of Research
Qualitative research is research which is not using statistical but through data collection, analysis, and interpretation. At least, there are 8 nature of qualitative
research, the ethnographic, case studies, studies of documenttext, natural observation, focused interviews, phenomenology, grounded theory and historical
research. In this research, the writer used qualitative research methods - the studies of
documenttext. Document studies are studies that focused on the analysis or interpretation of the written material in context. Materials can include published
notes, textbooks, newspapers, magazines, papers, films, diaries, manuscripts, articles, etc. To obtain a high credibility researchers document must be sure that
32
the texts were authentic. This kind of research could be to dig ones thoughts contained in books or manuscripts are published.
This research is a document study to analyze Lancar Berbahasa Indonesia 2 Textbook for grade four. The book was analyzed using transitivity system.
3.2. Research Design
Hasan 2002:10 states that Research Design is a framework within a particular study, in order to collecting, measuring, and analyzing the data, so that
it can answer the research questions. Research Design provides the glue that holds the researcher project together. It is used to structure the research, to show
how all of the major parts of the research project. In this research, the writer divides research design into two sections, they are Data Collecting Procedure and
Technique of Analysing Data. Each section has an important role and function in
the research that the writer did. 3.3.Data and Source of Data
The data of this research are the clauses which are found in Lancar Berbahasa Indonesia 2 Textbook for Elementary School Grade Four by Dendy Sugono. The
source of data itself is the stories in nine chapters of Lancar Berbahasa Indonesia 2 Textbook for Elementary School Grade Four by Dendy Sugono. This textbook was
arranged by Dendy Sugono in1996.
3.4. Data Collecting Procedure
According to Arikunto 2005:101, there are five kinds of method in collecting data, they are: questionnaire, interview, observation, test, and
documentation. Based on this statement, the writer chooses one of data collecting method to apply in this research, that is documentation method. The source of data is
collected from Lancar Berbahasa Indonesia 2 Textbook for Grade Four.
33
Documentation method is applied because it is considered as the suitable method in collecting the source of data of this research because the main object based on the
written text. The writer tries to look for, read, and study some books from the library related to the topic as the references and collected the important things from the
books concerning with the transitivity 3.5. Technique of Analysing Data
After collecting the data from the data source, the analysis then continue to the analyzing the data. According to Miles Huberman 1994: 10-11, there are
three concurrent flows of activity: data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing verification.
The first step is reducing the data by the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying, and transforming the data that appear in written up-filed notes or
transcriptions. Data reduction is a form of analysis that sharpens, shorts, focuses, discards, and organizes data in such a way that “final” conclusions can be drawn and
verified. The second step is data display. After reducing the data, the analyst has to
display the data whether in tables, matrices, graphs, charts, and networks. All are designed to assemble, compact form so that the analyst can see what is happening
and either draw justified conclusions or move on to the next step of analysis the display suggests may be useful.
The third step is conclusion drawing and verification. Conclusions are also verified as the analyst proceeds. Verification may be as brief as a fleeting second
thought crossing the analyst’s mind during writing. Final conclusion may not appear until the data collection is over.
34
The systematic procedures in this research namely: 1. Reading the selected stories in nine chapters of Lancar Berbahasa Indoneisa 2
Textbook for Elementary School Grade Four. 2. Identifying the transitivity process existed in the selected stories in nine chapters
of Lancar Berbahasa Indoneisa 2 Textbook for Elementary School Grade Four. 3. Categorizing the clauses found in the selected stories into the types of transitivity
process. 4. Identifying the most dominant types of transitivity process that is found inin nine
chapters of Lancar Berbahasa Indoneisa 2 Textbook for Elementary School Grade Four by Dendy Sugono, the writer applies the following formula Bungin,
2005:182:
Where: N = percentage of types fx = total types frequency of the sub category
n = total types of all categories 5. Determining the meaning of the most dominant type of transitivity process by
using Halliday’s Theory. 6. Making summary of the analysis and draw a conclusion based on the findings of
the analysis.
fx N = X 100
n
35
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS
Kategori