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with through or a complex preposition such as because of, as a result of, thanks to, etc. There is also one class of expression with of. The corresponding WH-
forms are why? or how?. For example: Die of
b Circumstantials of Purpose represent the purpose for which an action takes place- the intention behind it. They are typically expressed by a prepositional phrase
with for or with a complex preposition such as in the hope of, for the purpose of, etc. The interrogative corresponding is what for?.
starvation.
For example: for the sake of c Expressions of Behalf represent the entity, typically a person, on whose behalf or
for whose sake the action is undertaken-who it is for. They are expressed by a prepositional phrase with for or with a complex preposition such as for the sake
of, on behalf of, etc. The usual interrogative is who for?. peace and quiet.
For example: I’m writing on behalf of Aunt Jane.
2.2.2.5. Accompaniment
This element represents the meanings ‘and’,’or’,’not’ as circumstantials; it corresponds to the interrogatives and whowhat else?. It is expressed by prepositional
phrases with prepositions such as with, without, besides, instead of. For example: I got to the concert with
my boyfriend.
2.2.2.6. Matter
This element corresponds to the interrogative what about? and is expressed by prepositional phrases with prepositions such as about, concerning, with reference
to and sometimes simply of.
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For example: I worry about your health.
2.2.2.7. Role
This element corresponds to the interrogative what as?. The usual preposition is as; other complex preposition with this function are by way of, in the
roleshapeguiseform of. For example: She walked as
a model.
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2.3. Previous Related Research
The research about transitivity has been done before by some people, e.g. “An Analysis of Steve Jobs’ Speech Observed from The Perspective of Transitivity
System” Masita, 2014. It analyzes the speech of Steve Jobs. The writer found six types of transitivity process and Material process are the most dominant types of
process in that research. “Transitivity Process in Worldviews Articles of Newsweek” Andriyani,
2010. It analyzes the article of news magazine. The writer of that thesis takes the Worldview’s article of Newsweek to find the six types of transitivity process and get
the most dominant process which characterizes the article. In analyzing the data, she uses the Systemic Functional Linguistic Approach Theory SFLT of Halliday as the
bases of analysis. “An Analysis of Transitivity Time Magazine: A Case Study of Arts Rubrics”
Winda, 2010. The writer of that thesis chooses the articles of magazine to be analyzed. The writer takes “Arts” articles of Time Magazine to find the transitivity
process and get the most dominant process which characterizes the article. These two thesis are related to the research that is going to be done by the writer.
Besides, there is “An Analysis of Transitivity Processes of Inauguration Speeches of Two Prime Ministers of Australia John Howard and Julia Gillard”
Rahmadiana, 2011. In this thesis, the writer explores the six types of transitivity process found in the two president inaugural speeches, e.g. material, mental,
relational, behavioral, verbal, and existential processes. This thesis also relates to the research that is going to be done because talks about transitivity.
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Another work is “A Transitivity Analysis In Selected Articles of Time Magazine” Suranta, 2009. In this work, the writer analyzed the transitivity process
which consists of Material Process, Mental Process, Verbal Process, Relational Process, Behavioural Process, and Existential Process found in “Politic” articles of
Time Magazine in October 2008 The Temperament Factor: Who’s Best Suited to the Job written by Nancy Gibbs, and in November 2008 Thailand’s Political Crisis
Becomes a Global One written by Hannah Beech. In this thesis, the writer found that material process is the most dominant found in politic articles of Time Magazine.
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CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH
According to Azwar 1999:5, research can be classified in some ways and point of views. Based on the approach of its analysis, research can be done by two
ways, quantitative research and qualitative research. Research based on the quantitative approach emphasizes the analysis of numerical data numbers that are
processed by using statistical methods. Research based on the qualitative approach emphasizes the analysis of the process of deductive and inductive inference as well
as the analysis of the dynamics of the relationship between the phenomena that are observed by using scientific logic.
In writing this research, research based on qualitative approach is applied by collecting some theories and information about transitivity system from books,
thesis, internet, and other sources to support the writing.
3.1. Nature of Research
Qualitative research is research which is not using statistical but through data collection, analysis, and interpretation. At least, there are 8 nature of qualitative
research, the ethnographic, case studies, studies of documenttext, natural observation, focused interviews, phenomenology, grounded theory and historical
research. In this research, the writer used qualitative research methods - the studies of
documenttext. Document studies are studies that focused on the analysis or interpretation of the written material in context. Materials can include published
notes, textbooks, newspapers, magazines, papers, films, diaries, manuscripts, articles, etc. To obtain a high credibility researchers document must be sure that
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the texts were authentic. This kind of research could be to dig ones thoughts contained in books or manuscripts are published.
This research is a document study to analyze Lancar Berbahasa Indonesia 2 Textbook for grade four. The book was analyzed using transitivity system.
3.2. Research Design
Hasan 2002:10 states that Research Design is a framework within a particular study, in order to collecting, measuring, and analyzing the data, so that
it can answer the research questions. Research Design provides the glue that holds the researcher project together. It is used to structure the research, to show
how all of the major parts of the research project. In this research, the writer divides research design into two sections, they are Data Collecting Procedure and
Technique of Analysing Data. Each section has an important role and function in
the research that the writer did. 3.3.Data and Source of Data
The data of this research are the clauses which are found in Lancar Berbahasa Indonesia 2 Textbook for Elementary School Grade Four by Dendy Sugono. The
source of data itself is the stories in nine chapters of Lancar Berbahasa Indonesia 2 Textbook for Elementary School Grade Four by Dendy Sugono. This textbook was
arranged by Dendy Sugono in1996.
3.4. Data Collecting Procedure
According to Arikunto 2005:101, there are five kinds of method in collecting data, they are: questionnaire, interview, observation, test, and
documentation. Based on this statement, the writer chooses one of data collecting method to apply in this research, that is documentation method. The source of data is
collected from Lancar Berbahasa Indonesia 2 Textbook for Grade Four.
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Documentation method is applied because it is considered as the suitable method in collecting the source of data of this research because the main object based on the
written text. The writer tries to look for, read, and study some books from the library related to the topic as the references and collected the important things from the
books concerning with the transitivity 3.5. Technique of Analysing Data
After collecting the data from the data source, the analysis then continue to the analyzing the data. According to Miles Huberman 1994: 10-11, there are
three concurrent flows of activity: data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing verification.
The first step is reducing the data by the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying, and transforming the data that appear in written up-filed notes or
transcriptions. Data reduction is a form of analysis that sharpens, shorts, focuses, discards, and organizes data in such a way that “final” conclusions can be drawn and
verified. The second step is data display. After reducing the data, the analyst has to
display the data whether in tables, matrices, graphs, charts, and networks. All are designed to assemble, compact form so that the analyst can see what is happening
and either draw justified conclusions or move on to the next step of analysis the display suggests may be useful.
The third step is conclusion drawing and verification. Conclusions are also verified as the analyst proceeds. Verification may be as brief as a fleeting second
thought crossing the analyst’s mind during writing. Final conclusion may not appear until the data collection is over.
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The systematic procedures in this research namely: 1. Reading the selected stories in nine chapters of Lancar Berbahasa Indoneisa 2
Textbook for Elementary School Grade Four. 2. Identifying the transitivity process existed in the selected stories in nine chapters
of Lancar Berbahasa Indoneisa 2 Textbook for Elementary School Grade Four. 3. Categorizing the clauses found in the selected stories into the types of transitivity
process. 4. Identifying the most dominant types of transitivity process that is found inin nine
chapters of Lancar Berbahasa Indoneisa 2 Textbook for Elementary School Grade Four by Dendy Sugono, the writer applies the following formula Bungin,
2005:182:
Where: N = percentage of types fx = total types frequency of the sub category
n = total types of all categories 5. Determining the meaning of the most dominant type of transitivity process by
using Halliday’s Theory. 6. Making summary of the analysis and draw a conclusion based on the findings of
the analysis.
fx N = X 100
n
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CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS
4.1. Analysis of data
The following data is the data in which transitivity system really exists. The data is the clauses which are found in Lancar Berbahasa Indonesia 2 textbook. To
describe how the components of transitivity realized in the clauses of Lancar Berbahasa Indonesia 2 textbook and also to answer the first problem, here is the
detail explanation of the analysis of transitivity system in Lancar Berbahasa Indonesia 2 textbook:
4.1.1. Material Processes
