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2.2.2.2. Place Spatial
This element tells where and the interrogative forms of this element are where?, when?. The typical structure is an adverbial group or prepositional phrase.
For example: I bring him to the hospital where he was .
2.2.2.3. Manner
The circumstantial element of Manner consists of three subcategories: Means, Quality, Comparison.
Means refers to the means whereby a process takes place; it is typically expressed by a prepositional phrase with the preposition by or with. The interrogative forms are
how? and what with?. For example: I go
a Quality is typically expressed by an adverbial group, with –ly adverb as Head; the interrogative is how? or how...? plus appropriate adverb. Quality expressions
characterize the process in respect of any variable that makes sense. by train.
For example: It was snowing heavily b Comparison is typically expressed by a prepositional phrase with like or unlike,
an adverbial group of similarity or difference. .
For example: It went through my head like an earthquake .
2.2.2.4. Cause
The circumstantial element of Cause also consists of three subcategories: Reason, Purpose and Behalf.
a A circumstantial expression of Reason represents the reason for which a process takes place-what causes it. It is typically expressed by a prepositional phrase
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with through or a complex preposition such as because of, as a result of, thanks to, etc. There is also one class of expression with of. The corresponding WH-
forms are why? or how?. For example: Die of
b Circumstantials of Purpose represent the purpose for which an action takes place- the intention behind it. They are typically expressed by a prepositional phrase
with for or with a complex preposition such as in the hope of, for the purpose of, etc. The interrogative corresponding is what for?.
starvation.
For example: for the sake of c Expressions of Behalf represent the entity, typically a person, on whose behalf or
for whose sake the action is undertaken-who it is for. They are expressed by a prepositional phrase with for or with a complex preposition such as for the sake
of, on behalf of, etc. The usual interrogative is who for?. peace and quiet.
For example: I’m writing on behalf of Aunt Jane.
2.2.2.5. Accompaniment
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