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11 Tense Mid Central Unrounded Vowel [ :]
This sound is articulated with the centre of the tongue raised between half- close and half-open, no firm contact being made between the tongue and the upper
molars; the lips are neutrally spread. It does not normally occur before [ŋ]
Indriani, 2005: p. 73.
12 Lax Mid Central Unrounded Vowel [ə]
This sound has a very high frequency of occurrence in unaccented syllables. Its quality is that of a central vowel with neutral lip position, having in
non-final positions a tongue-raising between half-open and half-close Indriani, 2005: p. 74. This sound is also known as schwa.
c. Diphthong
Diphthong is a sequence of two sounds, vowel and glide Fromkin, Rodman, Hyams, 2000: p. 255. Diphthong is represented phonetically by
sequences of two letters, the first showing the starting point and the second indicating the direction of which the glide is made Indriani, 2005: p. 76
1 Closing Fronting Diphthong [eɪ] [aɪ] [ᴐɪ]
According to Indriani 2005, when [eɪ] sound is produced, the tongue glide begins from slightly below the half-close front position and moves in the
direction of [ɪ], there being a slight closing movement of the lower jaw, the lips are spread p. 77. Some words containing this diphthong are say [s
eɪ], pray [preɪ], PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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and grey [gr
eɪ]. Next, when [aɪ] sound is produced, the tongue glide begins at a
point slightly behind the front open position, and moves in the direction of the position associat
ed with [ɪ]; the lips change from a neutral to a loosely spread position p. 78. Some relevant words containing this sound are pie [p
aɪ] and my [m
aɪ]. Meanwhile, when [ᴐɪ] sound is produced, the tongue glide begins at a point between the back half-open po
sitions and moves in the direction of [ɪ]; the lips are open rounded for the first element, changing to the neutral for the second element
p. 80. The words boy [b ᴐɪ] and coy [kᴐɪ] are the representation of such sound
appearrance.
2 Closing Backing Diphthongs [əʊ] [aʊ]
According to Indriani 2005, when [əʊ] sound is produced, the tongue glide begins at a central position, between half-close and half-open, and moves in
the direction of [ʊ], there being a slight closing movement of the lower jaw; the lips are neutral for the first element, but have a tendency to round on the second
element p. 81. Some words containing such sound are go [g əʊ] and so [səʊ]. On
the other hand, when [aʊ] sound is produced, the tongue glide begins at a point
between the back and front open positions, slightly more fronted than the position for [a:], and moves in the direction of [ʊ], though the tongue may not be raised
higher than the half-close level. The lips change from a neutrally open to a weakly rounded position p. 82.
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3 Centering Diphthongs [ɪə] [ ə] [ʊə]
According to Indriani 2005, when [ɪə] sound is produced, the tongue glide begins with a tongue position approximately that used for [ɪ], i.e. centralized front
half-close, and moves in the direction of the more open variety of [ə] when [ɪə] is
final in the word; in non-final positions. The lips are neutral throughout, with a slight movement from spread to open p. 84. Some words associated with this
sound are hear and here [h ɪə] which are allophonic. Furthermore, Indriani 2005
states that when [ ə] sound is produced, the tongue glide begins in the half-open front position, i.e. approximately [ ], and moves in the direction of the more open
variety of [ə]. Where [ ə] occurs in a syllable closed by a consonant the [ə] element tends to be a mind [ə] type. The lips are neutrally open through-out p.
86. Some words containing this sound are hair [h ə] and bear [b ə]. Meanwhile,
when [ʊə] sound is produced, the tongue glides from a tongue position similar to that used for
[ʊ] towards the more open type of [ə] which forms the end-point of all three centring diphthongs with, again, a somewhat closer variety of [ə] when
the diphthong occurs in a closed syllable. The lips are weakly rounded at the beginning of the glide, becoming neutrally spread as the glide progresses p. 87.
Such sounds appear in words poor [p ʊə] and cure [kjʊə]
B. Theoretical Framework
In this research, the ELESP 2015 Javanese students of Sanata Dharma University played a role as the English beginner learners. In learning English
pronunciation, as second language learners, they experienced the process of sound PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
32
change. Therefore, this research discussed about the process of occurred sound change in the participants‟ pronunciation i.e. the pronunciation of ELESP 2015
Javanese students of Sanata Dharma University. The theories used were limited only in the process of the sound changes occurring
in participants‟ pronunciation. The researcher focused on finding out the types of English sound changes of the
parti cipants‟ pronunciation. To answer the first research problem, the researcher
used nine types of sound change from the theory by Crowley 1992. Next, the researcher continued to find out the results of the sound changes spoken by
participants. The results were classified based on the theory of Crowley 1992. Then, the researcher classified the sound change distributions that occurred in the
participants‟ pronunciation. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
This chapter explains to the readers about the methodology that the researcher uses in conducting the research. There are six sub-chapters, which are
discussed in this chapter. They are the research methodology, research subject, research setting, data gathering technique, data analysis technique, and research
procedure.
A. Research Methodology
According to Ary, Jacobs, Sorensen, and Razavieh 2010: p. 22, a qualitative research focuses on understanding social phenomena from the
perspective of the human participants in a natural setting. Since this research analysed the social phenomenon of sound changes in non-
native English speaker‟s pronunciation, this research was considered as qualitative research. Moreover, in
the same book, Ary, Jacobs, Sorensen and Razavieh 2010 state that qualitative research aims to understand a phenomenon by focusing on the total picture rather
than breaking it down into variables. Referring to the statement, this research required observations, interviews, and document reviews because the focus in this
research was about the explanation of phonological change occurrence. So, the researcher attempted to observe certain phenomenon related to the phonological
change appeared in Javanese English learners of ELESP 2015 students of Sanata PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
