Abnormal Sound Changes Types of Sound Changes which Occurred in Pronunciation of ELESP

57 Total 29 Cases 100 Based on the data mentioned in table 4.8, the researcher found that lenition and fortition were in the top rank of the most frequent sound changes occurred in English Language Edu cation Study Program 2015 students‟ pronunciation. The total number of cases of lenition and fortition were 16 cases with 55.17 percentage. In specific calculations of lenition occurrence frequency, the cluster reduction contributed the most number of cases with 6 cases and 20.69 percentage of all cases occurred in English Language Education Study Program 2015 of Sanata Dharma University students‟ pronunciation. The next contributor of frequently occurred cases in lenition was the weakening sound which gained 17.34 percentage with 5 cases occurring. Syncope became the third-most- dominating type of lenition with 3 cases and 10.34 percentage followed by fortition with 2 numbers of occurred cases in English Language Education Study Program 2015 of Sanata Dh arma University students‟ pronunciation and 6.90 occurrence percentage. The second ranking of sound change occurrence was held by assimilation. It has 4 numbers of cases occurred in participants‟ pronunciation with 13.79 occurrence percentage. Meanwhile, the abnormal sound change was in the third position of most contributing type of sound change that occurred in English Language Education Study Program 2015 students‟ pronunciation with 10.34 occurrence percentage and 3 numbers of cases that occurred. 58 In the fourth place, unpacking and vowel breaking types shared similar number of occurred cases and occurrence percentage. They gained 2 numbers of cases and 6.90 percentage of occurrence in this research. In the last ranking, two types of sound change also shared similar number of cases that occurred and percentage. Fusion and sound addition contributed in 3.45 occurrence percentage with only one case occurring in English Language Education Study Program 2015 of Sanata Dharma University of Yogyakarta stude nts‟ pronunciation. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 59

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

In this chapter, the researcher provides two sub chapters: conclusions and recommendations. The conclusions consist of the answer for the formulated problems based on the findings and analysis generated in the previous chapter. The second part, the recommendation, is the researcher‟s suggestions for further researchers of the similar research topic.

A. Conclusions

Regarding to the research finding and analysis, the researcher found two conclusions. The conclusions obtained by the researcher provided the answer to the proposed research problems. To clarify the conclusion, the researcher also mentioned the research problems to be answered in this chapter. Those research problems were: 1. What are the types of the English sound changes occurring in students‟ pronunciation of English Language Education study program of Sanata Dharma University whose first language is Javanese? 2. What are the distributions of the sound changes that occurred among Javanese students of English Language Education study program? 60 To answer the first research problem, the researcher referred to Crowley‟s 1992 theory of sound change in pronunciation. According to Crowley, there are nine types of sound changes occurred in pronunciation. They are lenition and fortition, sound addition, metathesis, fusion, unpacking, vowel breaking, assimilation, dissimilation, and abnormal sound changes. Based on the analysis, the researcher found out that there were seven types of sound change found in this research. They were lenition and fortition, sound addition, fusion, unpacking, vowel breaking, assimilation and abnormal sound changes. The other two types of sound changes; metathesis and dissimilation were not found in this research. The researcher also found the distribution of sound change types that occurred in this research to answer the second problem formulation. The researcher concluded that lenition and fortition appeared the most in English Language Education Study Program 2015 Javanese students‟ pronunciation. The distribution was 55.17 of all seven types occurred in participants‟ pronunciation. While, the least appearing types of sound change was sound addition and fusion with 3.45 occurrence percentage of all seven types that occu rred in participants‟ pronunciation.

B. Recommendations

The researcher also provides recommendations for related individuals or groups based on this research. The first recommendation is intended for all English learners. This research is beneficial to understand common sound variations that occur among Javanese English learners, which might provide