55
allowed the shift. Meanwhile, the shift occurred in the middle of the word can be seen in word example
[ɪgˈzæm.pl ] which was commonly pronounced [ɪkˈsem.pəl]. This type of sound change occurs because of the absence of the low
front vowel æ
in the participants‟ native language sound system i.e. Indonesian language.
The second change of abnormal sound changes was the replacement of
interdental voiced sound ð by alveolar voiceless sound t. This phenomenon
also happened in two conditions: in the beginning and middle of the word. The replacement that occurred in the beginning of the word can be seen in the word
that ðæt. In this case, most participants pronounced det when reading such
word. In the middle of the word, the shift can be discovered in the word another [
əˈnʌð.ə
r
]. Still, the replacement from original sound was by alveolar voiced stop
was reflected in participants pronunciation [əˈnʌd.ə
r
]. The absence of interdental
voiced fricative sound ð became the main reason of the mispronunciation.
The last case of abnormal sound change was also about the replacement of interdental fricative sound by alveolar fricative sound. The difference for this case
was that the voiceless sounds took place in the substitution; the sound
θ was replaced sound s. This phenomenon is available in word theories. Referring to
the research findings, the researcher found that most participants tended to
pronounce [ˈteo.ri:s] rather than [ˈθɪə.ri:z]. The shift did not appear only in the
beginning of the word. The other example conveyed the shift which applied in the end of the word; path [pæ
θ]. In this occurrence, most participants pronounced
56
pet. Again, the absence of such consonantal sound in Indonesian language sound
system triggered participants‟ mispronunciation in this word.
B. The Distribution of Sound Change Features among Javanese English
Learners
After analyzing the data, the researcher generated the statistical calculation in conveying the distribution of sound change features among English Language
Education 2015 students of Sanata Dharma University. The researcher also found out from nine types of sound changes based on Crowley 1992 theory of sound
change, there were seven types of sound change represents the findings on this research. The types of sound changes including the distribution for each type were
listed in the Table 4.8.
Table 4.8 The Distribution of Sound Change Types Types of Sound Change
Number of Cases Percentage
Lenition - Weakening Sound
- Syncope - Cluster Reduction
Fortition 16 Cases
5 Cases 3 Cases
6 Cases 2 Cases
55.17 17.24
10.34 20.69
6.90 Sound Addition
1 Cases 3.45
Fusion 1 Cases
3.45 Unpacking
2 Cases 6.90
Types of Sound Change Number of Cases
Percentage
Vowel Breaking 2 Cases
6.90 Assimilation
4 Cases 13.79
Abnormal Sound Change 3 Cases
10.34
57
Total 29 Cases
100
Based on the data mentioned in table 4.8, the researcher found that lenition and fortition were in the top rank of the most frequent sound changes occurred in
English Language Edu cation Study Program 2015 students‟ pronunciation. The
total number of cases of lenition and fortition were 16 cases with 55.17 percentage. In specific calculations of lenition occurrence frequency, the cluster
reduction contributed the most number of cases with 6 cases and 20.69 percentage of all cases occurred in English Language Education Study Program
2015 of Sanata Dharma University students‟ pronunciation. The next contributor of frequently occurred cases in lenition was the weakening sound which gained
17.34 percentage with 5 cases occurring. Syncope became the third-most- dominating type of lenition with 3 cases and 10.34 percentage followed by
fortition with 2 numbers of occurred cases in English Language Education Study Program 2015 of Sanata Dh
arma University students‟ pronunciation and 6.90 occurrence percentage.
The second ranking of sound change occurrence was held by assimilation. It has 4 numbers of cases occurred in participants‟ pronunciation with 13.79
occurrence percentage. Meanwhile, the abnormal sound change was in the third position of most contributing type of sound change that occurred in English
Language Education Study Program 2015 students‟ pronunciation with 10.34 occurrence percentage and 3 numbers of cases that occurred.
