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9 Abnormal Sound Changes
Abnormal sound changes are the sound changes that would appear, at first glance, to be abnormal, in the sense that they do not obviously fit into any of the
categories that have mentioned above Crowley, 1992: p. 57. For example there is the tendency of Indonesian speakers to pronounce the word push [p
ʊʃ] into
[p ʊs]. The change from [
ʃ] to [s] is not included in the previous eight types. Therefore, the unidentified type of such sound change phenomenon belongs to
abnormal sound changes.
3. English Sound Pronunciation
Since the research discusses about the sound change in non-native English speakers‟ pronunciation, the researcher also reviews the English sound
production. The sound production covers three kinds of sounds: consonant, vowel, and diphthong.
a. Consonant Sounds
Consonant is a speech sound which typically occurs at the margins of the syllable Collins Mees, 2003: p. 72. It exists before or after a vowel or
diphthong to form a syllable. Indriani 2005 expands English consonants into twenty-four namely, [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g], [f], [v], [s], [z], [
ʃ], [ʒ], [tʃ], [dʒ], [ө], [ð], [m], [n], [ŋ], [h], [l], [r], [w], [j] p. 8. Table 2.1 shows the articulation of
the English consonant sounds. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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Table 2.1 English Consonant Articulation Indriani, 2005, p. 11
From those mentioned consonants, Indriani classifies them into sixteen types based in the place and manner of articulation. For further and deeper
information of such consonants, the researcher provided explanation of following
Place of articulation
B ILA
B IAL
L A
B IO
- DENTAL
DENTAL A
L V
E O
L A
R POST
A L
V E
O L
A R
PA L
A T
O -
A L
V E
O L
A R
PA L
A T
A L
VELAR G
L O
T A
L
Manner of
a rt
icul at
ion COMPLETE
ORAL CLOSURE
Plosive
p b t d
k g
Affricate
tʃ dʒ
Nasal
m n
ᵑ
INTERMITTENT CLOSURE
Roll
R
PARTIAL CLOSURE
Lateral l
NARROWING
Fricative
f v ϴ
ð s z
ʃ ʒ h
GLIDE
Semi Vowel
w j
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types in this section. The explanation of consonant sounds was taken from Indriani 2005 herself and added to with content from Fromkin, Rodman, and
Hyams 2000.
1 Bilabial Plosives [p,b]
Based on the manner of the articulation, the sound [p] and [b] are called plosives or oral stops because when there is an explosion of airstream when the
closure on the lips are opened Fromkin, Rodman, Hyams, 2000: p. 247. Bilabial plosives, according to Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams 2000, based on
the place of the articulation, [p] and [b] sounds are articulated by bringing both lips together which is called bilabials p. 242.
2 Alveolar Plosives [t,d]
Based on the place of the articulation, [t] and [d] sounds are called alveolar in which these sounds are produced by raising the front part of the tongue to the
alveolar ridge p. 242. Alveolar plosives are still considered as the oral stops. Based on the manner of articulation alveolar plosives involve the airstream to be
obstructed in the mouth Fromkin, Rodman, Hyams, 2000.
3 Velar Plosives [k,g]
Based on the place of the articulation, [k] and [g] sounds are called velar stops where these sounds are produced by raising the back part of the tongue to
the velum inside the mouth p. 243. Based on the manner of the articulation [k] PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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and [g] sounds are called plosives because these sounds are produced because of the explosion of the airstream which is released from the obstruction in the velum
Fromkin, Rodman, Hyams, 2000: p. 247.
4 Palato-alveolar Affricates [tʃ,dʒ]
According to Indriani 2005, based on the place of the articulation [ tʃ] and
[ dʒ] sounds are called palato-alveolar because to produce these sounds, the blade,
or the tip and blade, of the tongue articulate with the alveolar ridge and there is at the same time a raising of the front of the tongue towards the hard palate p. 9.
According to Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams 2000, based on the manner of the articulation, [
tʃ] and [dʒ] are included as affricate sounds bacause these sounds are produced by a closure or obstruction followed immediately by a gradual release of
the closure that produces a sound effect which is almost similar as fricative sounds p. 248. There is a characteristic friction sound when the obstruction is gradually
released.
5 Labio-dental Fricatives [f,v]
Labio refers to lips and dental refers to teeth Fromkin, Rodman, Hyams, 2000: p. 242. It means the sounds are produced when the lip meets with
the teeth. Labiodental fricatives, According to Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams 2000, [f] and [v] sounds are produced by touching the bottom lip to the upper
teeth. Based on the manner of the articulation, these sounds are also called PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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fricatives because there is a partial obstruction between the lip and teeth, which produces friction of the airstream Fromkin, Rodman, Hyams, 2000: p. 248.
6 Dental Fricatives [ө,ð]
Fromkin
,
Rodman, and Hyams 2000 state that [ ө] and [ð] sounds are
considered as interdental sound. These sounds are produced by putting the tongue tip between the upper and lower teeth. This condition creates a partial obstruction
of the airstream and causes the airstream to come out through the narrow opening, which produces friction p. 242. Based on the manner of the articulation, these
sounds are included as fricatives sounds as well as labio-dental fricatives.
7 Alveolar Fricatives [s,z]
Alveolar fricatives, based on the place of the articulation, are produced by raising the tongue tip to the alveolar ridge p. 242. Based on the manner of the
articulation, these sounds are considered as fricatives sounds because these sounds cause friction when produced Fromkin, Rodman, Hyams, 2000: p. 248.
8 Palato – alveolar Fricative [ʃ,ʒ]
Indriani 2005 explains that based on the place of the articulation [ ʃ] and
[ ʒ] sounds are called palato-alveolar because to produce these sounds, the blade,
or the tip and blade, of the tongue articulate with the alveolar ridge and there is at the same time a raising of the front of the tongue towards the hard palate p. 9.
Although these sounds are considered palate alveolar, the produced sounds are PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
