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Table 3.4 Distributions of the Occurring Sound Change in the Participants’
Pronunciation The Type of Sound Change
Number of Cases
Percentage
Lenition and fortition Sound addition
Metathesis Fusion
Unpacking Vowel breaking
Assimilation Dissimilation
Abnormal sound changes
F.
Research Procedure
The research procedure in this research was divided into two steps. First of all was data collection. Here, the researcher decided on the choice of the research
participants. The researcher chose English Language Education study program students 2015 whose first language is Javanese. Then, the researcher chose 30
samples as the representation of English Language Education study program 2015 population. After choosing the participants, the researcher provided them some
sheets with some English words formed into sentences. Next, the researcher asked the participants to read the text and recorded their pronunciation. After collecting
39
their pronunciation recordings then the researcher transcribed all recording into phonetic transcriptions.
The second step was analysing the data. After all the recordings were already transcribed, the researcher referred to the transcriptions to the
standardized English dictionary. The required dictionary was Longman‟s Pronunciation Dictionary 2008. The use of the dictionary aimed to compare the
participants‟ transcribed pronunciation to the standardized English pronunciation transcriptions. Next, the researcher analysed the data based on the theory that the
researcher used as well as reviewed on Chapter II. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
40
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH RESULT AND DISCUSSION
This chapter consists of the discussion and analysis of the data gathered by the researcher after observation. There are two sub-chapters in this part. They are
the types of sound changes that occurred in English Language Education Study Program 2015 students‟ pronunciation process and the distribution of occurred
sound change among English Language Education Study Program 2015 Students of Sanata Dharma University of Yogyakarta. The names each respondent here
have been formed into aliaspseudonames.
A. Types of Sound Changes which Occurred in Pronunciation of ELESP
2015 Students.
This sub-chapter conveys the findings of this research. The researcher found seven types of sound changes occurred in pronunciation of English
Language Education Study Program 2015 students of Sanata Dharma University Yogyakarta whose first language is Javanese. The classification of sound changes
refers to Crowley‟s 1992 theory of sound changes types. They are Lenition and Fortition, Sound Addition, Fusion. Unpacking, Vowel Breaking, Assimilation,
and Abnormal Sound Changes. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
41
1. Lenition and Fortition
In this sub chapter, the researcher explained the appearance of lenition and fortition of Javanese English learners‟ pronunciations.
a. Lenition
Lenition refers to weakening or even deletion of the certain sound in pronunciation. In this case, the researcher found some results of lenition
phenomenon as listed in the Table 4.1.1.
Table 4.1.1 The Classification of Words Affected by Lenition Types
Words Longman Dictionary
Common Mispronunciation
Weakening Sound
Appears ə
ˈpɪə
r
z
ə ˈpɪə
r
s
Because b
ɪˈk ːz
b
ɪ ˈkos
Believe b
ɪˈliːv bə
ˈliːf
Cases ke
ɪs. ɪz
kes.
ɪs
Desire d
ɪˈzaɪə
r
d
ɪˈsaɪə
r
Does d
ʌz
d
ʌs
Example
ɪgˈzæm.pl ɪkˈsem.pəl
Exposure
ɪkˈspoʊ.ʒə
r
ek
ˈspo.sɪə
r
Give g
ɪv
g
ɪf
Have hæv
hef
Individuals
ˌɪn.dɪˈvɪd.ju.əlz ˌɪn.dɪˈfɪd.u.əls
Influences
ˈɪn.flu.əns.ɪz ˈɪn.flu.ens.ɪs
Native
ˈneɪ.tɪv ˈne.tɪf
Of
ːv of
Over
ˈoʊ. və
r
ˈo.fə
r
Recognize
ˈrek.əg.naɪz ˈrɪk.og.naɪs
Several
ˈsev. ər. əl ˈsef.ə.rəl
Theories
ˈθɪə.ri:z ˈteo.ri:s
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Types Words
Longman Dictionary Common
Mispronunciation
Usually
ˈjuː.ʒu.ə.li ˈjuː.su.ə.li
Without w
ɪˈðaʊt
w
ɪˈtot
Syncope
Also
ˈ ːl.soʊ
ol.so Cases
ke
ɪs.
ɪz kes.
ɪs Change
t
ʃeɪndʒ
t ʃens
Changed t
ʃeɪndʒd
t ʃens
Combination
ˌk ːm.bɪˈneɪ.ʃn ˌkom.bɪˈne.sɪən
Exposure
ɪkˈspoʊ.ʒə
r
ek ˈspo.sɪə
r
Identify
aɪ ˈden.tɪ.faɪ
ɪˈden.tɪ.faɪ Information
ˌɪn.fə
r
ˈmeɪ.ʃn ˌɪn.forˈme.sɪən
Make me
ɪk
mek Most
mo
ʊst
mos Native
ˈneɪ.tɪv ˈne.tɪf
Noticed
ˈnoʊ.tɪsd ˈno.tɪs
Old o
ʊld
old Older
o
ʊld.ə
r
old.ə
r
Only
ˈoʊn.li
on.li Over
ˈoʊ. və
r
ˈo.fə
r
Progress
ˈproʊ.gres ˈpro.gres
Pronunciation prə
ˌnʌn.siˈeɪ.ʃn
pro ˌnʌn.siˈe.sɪən
Spoken
ˈspoʊ.kən ˈspo.kən
Telephone
ˈtel.ə.foʊn ˈtel.e.fon
Cluster Reduction
Accent
ˈæk.sənt ek.sən
And ænd
en
Can‟t
kænt ken
Changed t
ʃeɪndʒd
t
ʃens
Don‟t do
ʊnt don
End end
en
English
ˈɪŋglɪʃ ˈɪŋ.lɪs
First
ˈf ːst ˈf ːs
Individuals
ˌɪn.dɪˈvɪd.ju.əlz ˌɪn.dɪˈfɪd.u.əls
Just d
ʒʌst
d
ʒʌs
Language
ˈlæŋgwɪdʒ ˈleŋ.wɪdʒ
Linguists
ˈlɪŋ.gwɪsts ˈlɪŋ.wɪs
Most mo
ʊst mos
Noticed
ˈnəʊ.tɪsd ˈno.tɪs
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Types Words
Longman Dictionary Common
Mispronunciation
Second
ˈsek. ənd ˈsek. ən
Sound sa
ʊnd
sa
ʊn
Won‟t wo
ʊnt won
As seen in Table 4.1, there are lenition and two types of lenition development syncope and cluster reduction that occurred in ELESP 2015
students‟ pronunciation. The researcher divided the explanation of lenition into three parts; weakening sound, syncope, and cluster reduction.
i. Weakening Sound
In weakening sound phenomenon, there were five appearing cases in pronunciation. The errors covered voiced sounds to change into voiceless sounds.
Those five cases included the change from voiced sound z to voiceless sound s, voiced sound v to voiceless sound f, voiced sound g to voiceless sound k,
voiced sound ʒ to voiceless sound s and voiced sound ð to voiceless sound t.
The first case of weakening sound was the change of voiced sound z to voiceless sound s in the final syllable of word as seen in word appear
[əˈpɪə
r
z] to be
[əˈpɪə
r
s] and in the middle syllable of word as seen in word example [ɪgˈzæm.pl ]to be [ɪkˈsem.pəl ]. In Yulia and Ena‟s 2004 opinion, the sound z
and s are allophonic in Indonesian language sound system. This condition
triggered the sound change by English Language Education Study Program 2015 students‟ pronunciation.
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Next, the shift from voiced sound v to voiceless sound f could be
inferred from the word believe
[bɪˈliːv] which changed into [bɪˈliːf]. This case was different from the previous one. The absence of v sound in Indonesian language
sound system Yulia Ena, 2004 caused the replacement by the sound s in this
phenomenon.
The third case, the voiced sound ʒ to voiceless sound s change could be
seen in word usually [
ˈjuː.ʒu.ə.li] to [ˈjuː.su.ə.li]. Similar to the second case, in
this case, the sound
ʒ was also absent in the Indonesian language sound system
according to Yulia and Ena 2004. Similar reason was also valid for the next
case: the shift from interdental voiced fricative ð to t in word without [wɪˈðaʊt],
where most participants pronounced wɪˈtot The last case was the voiced sound g to voiceless sound k which could
be observed in the word example
[ɪgˈzæm.pl ]. Most participants tended to pronounce the word [ɪkˈsem.pəl ]. The changes of the sounds were neither caused
by the absence nor were both sounds allophones in Indonesian language sound system. This case was included into inappropriate analogy according to Yulia and
Ena 2004. This error occurred because the participant associated „ex‟ syllable
with [eks] sound which affects the change from [g] sound into [k] sound.
ii. Syncope
The researcher also found that there were three cases of syncope; the deletion of vowel sound in a pronunciation of a word. Those three cases of
