Consonant Sounds English Sound Pronunciation

21 fricatives because there is a partial obstruction between the lip and teeth, which produces friction of the airstream Fromkin, Rodman, Hyams, 2000: p. 248. 6 Dental Fricatives [ө,ð] Fromkin , Rodman, and Hyams 2000 state that [ ө] and [ð] sounds are considered as interdental sound. These sounds are produced by putting the tongue tip between the upper and lower teeth. This condition creates a partial obstruction of the airstream and causes the airstream to come out through the narrow opening, which produces friction p. 242. Based on the manner of the articulation, these sounds are included as fricatives sounds as well as labio-dental fricatives. 7 Alveolar Fricatives [s,z] Alveolar fricatives, based on the place of the articulation, are produced by raising the tongue tip to the alveolar ridge p. 242. Based on the manner of the articulation, these sounds are considered as fricatives sounds because these sounds cause friction when produced Fromkin, Rodman, Hyams, 2000: p. 248. 8 Palato – alveolar Fricative [ʃ,ʒ] Indriani 2005 explains that based on the place of the articulation [ ʃ] and [ ʒ] sounds are called palato-alveolar because to produce these sounds, the blade, or the tip and blade, of the tongue articulate with the alveolar ridge and there is at the same time a raising of the front of the tongue towards the hard palate p. 9. Although these sounds are considered palate alveolar, the produced sounds are PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 22 different from [ tʃ] and [dʒ] based on the manner of articulation. If [tʃ] and [dʒ] are considered as affricates, [ ʃ] and [ʒ] these sounds are considered as fricatives sounds because these sounds cause friction when produced Fromkin, Rodman, Hyams, 2000: p. 248. 9 Glottal Fricatives [h] Glottal, according to Indriani 2005 is an obstruction, or narrowing causing friction but not vibration, between vocal cords p. 9. Based on the place of the articulation, the [h] sound is included as glottal sound because there is a partial obstruction on the vocal cords which causes friction of the contact between airstream and the vocal cords. Based on the manner of the articulation, these sounds are considered as fricatives sounds because these sounds cause friction when produced Fromkin, Rodman, Hyams, 2000: p. 248. 10 Bilabial Nasal [m] Bilabial nasal, according to Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams 2000, based on the place of the articulation, [p] and [b] sounds are articulated by bringing both lips together which is called bilabials p. 242. Meanwhile, based on the manner of the articulation [m] sound includes as a nasal sound. This sound is produced when the airstream escapes through the nose and the mouth Fromkin, Rodman, Hyams, 2000: p. 246. 23 11 Alveolar Nasal [n] Alveolar nasal [n], based on the place of the articulation, are produced by raising the tongue tip to the alveolar ridge according to Fromkin , Rodman, and Hyams 2000: p. 242. Based on the manner of the articulation, this sound includes as a nasal sound because this sound is produced when the airstream escapes through the nose and the mouth Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams, 2000: p. 246. 12 Velar Nasal [ŋ] Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams 2000 state that based on the place of the articulation, velar nasal [ ŋ] is called velar where these sounds are produced by raising the back part of the tongue to the velum inside the mouth p. 243. Based on the manner of the articulation, this sound includes as a nasal sound because this sound is produced when the airstream escapes through the nose and the mouth Fromkin, Rodman, Hyams, 2000: p. 246. 13 Alveolar Lateral [l] Based on the place of articulation, basically, alveolar lateral sound [l] is almost similar to alveolar sound, where the tongue tip is raised to the tip of alveolar ridge. Indriani 2005 states that based on the manner of the articulation, [l] sound is included as lateral sound. In producing this sound, a partial closure is made at some point in the mouth and the airstream being allowed to escape on one or both sides of the contact p. 10. 24 14 Post- alveolar Roll [r] Based on the place of the articulation, Indriani 2005 defines the [r] sound as a post-alveolar sound. This sound is produced by raising the tip and rims of the tongue to the rear part of the alveolar ridge p. 9. Based on the manner of the articulation, the [r] sound includes as a roll sound. To produce this sound, there is a series of rapid intermittent closures or taps made by a flexible organ on a firmer surface, or the tongue tip taps against the alveolar ridge Indriani, 2005: p. 10. 15 Palatal Semi-vowel [j] Based on the place of the articulation, Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams 2000 state the [j] sound is a palatal sound in which it is produced by raising the blade of the tongue toward the hard palatal just behind the alveolar ridge p. 243. Based on the manner of the articulation, the [j] sound is considered as a semi- vowel or glide sound. When this sound is produced, there is a little or no obstruction of the airstream in the mouth Fromkin, Rodman, Hyams, 2000: p. 250. 16 Bilabial Semi-vowel [w] According to Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams 2000, based on the place of the articulation, [w] sound is produced by bringing both lips together or bilabial p. 242. Based on the manner of the articulation, the [w] sound is considered as a semi-vowel or glide sound. When this sound is produced, there is a little or no 25 obstruction of the airstream in the mouth Fromkin, Rodman, Hyams, 2000: p. 250.

b. Vowel

Jones 1987 states that an English vowel in normal speech is defined as a voiced sound in forming which the air issues in a continuous stream through the pharynx and mouth, there being no obstruction and no narrowing such as would cause audible friction. The researcher also provides Table 2.2 to show the English vowel sounds‟ distribution. Table 2.2 English vowel sounds Campbell, 2004: xxi Unrounded Rounded Front Central Back High [i:] = peat [ ɪ] = pit [u:] = boot [ ʊ] = put Mid [e] = pet [ :] = pert [ə] = ago [ ᴐ:] = port Low [æ] = pat [ ʌ] = cup [ ] = pot [ :] = part The term front, central, and back refer to parts of the tongue raised Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams, 2000: pp. 227-229. Then, the term high, mid and 26 low refer to the difference in the tongue height Fromkin, Rodman, Hyams 2000: p. 228. Besides, there are also two kinds of vowel based on the mouth shape. They are rounded and spread or unrounded vowels. 1 Tense High Front Unrounded Vowel [i:] This sound is produced when the front of the tongue is raised to a height slightly below and behind the close front position; the lips are spread; the tongue is tense, with the side rims making a firm contact with the upper molars. It does not normally occur in a syllable closed by [ŋ] Indriani, 2005: p. 57. 2 Lax High Front Unrounded Vowel [ɪ] This sound is produced with a part of the tongue nearer to centre than to front raised just above the half-close position; the lips are loosely spread; the tongue is lax with the side rims making a light contact with the upper molars. It may occur in all position in the word Indriani, 2005: p. 59. 3 Mid Front Unrounded Vowel [e] This sound is produced when the front of the tongue is raised between the half-open and half-close positions; the lips are loosely spread and are slightly wider apart than for [ ɪ], the tongue may have more tension than in the case of [ɪ], the side rims making a light contact with the upper molars. It does not occur in final, open syllables Indriani, 2005: p. 60. 27 4 Low Front Unrounded Vowel [æ] This sound is articulated when the mouth is slightly more open than for [e]; the front of the tongue is raised just below the half-open position, with the side rims making a very slight contact with the back upper molars; the lips are neutrally open Indriani, 2005: p. 62. 5 Low Central Unrounded Vowel [ʌ] This sound is articulated with a considerable separation of the jaws and with the lips neutrally open; the centre of the tongue is raised just above the fully open position, no contact being made between the tongue and the upper molars. It does not occur in final, open syllables Indriani, 2005: p. 63. 6 Low Back Rounded Vowel [a:] This sound is articulated with a considerable separation of the jaws and the lips neutrally open; a part of the tongue between the centre and the back is in the fully open position; no contact being made between the rims of the tongue and the upper molars. This sound does not normally occur before [ŋ] Indriani, 2005: p. 65. 7 Low Back Rounded Vowel [ɒ] This sound is produced with wide open jaws and slight, open lip-rounding; the back of the tongue is in the fully open position, no contact being made 28 between the tongue and the upper molars. It does not occur in final, open syllable Indriani, 2005: p. 67. 8 Mid Back Rounded Vowel [ᴐ:] This sound is articulated with medium lip-rounding; the back of the tongue is raised between the half-open and half-close positions, no contact being made between the tongue and the upper molars. This sound does not normally occur before [ŋ] Indriani, 2005: p. 68. 9 Lax High Back Rounded Vowel [ʊ] This sound is produced with a part of the tongue nearer to centre than to back raised just above the half-close position; the tongue is laxly held, no firm contact being made between the tongue and the upper molars. This sound does not normally occur before [ŋ] or in initial position Indriani, 2005: p. 69. 10 Tense High Back Rounded Vowel [u:] This sound is pronounced when the tongue raising is relaxed from the closest position and is somewhat advanced from true back; the articulation of [u:] being tense though no firm contact is made between the tongue and the upper molars; the lips tend to be closely rounded. This sound does not normally occur before [ŋ] Indriani, 2005: p. 71. 29 11 Tense Mid Central Unrounded Vowel [ :]