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instrument used for data collection in qualitative research is the researcher himself, often collecting data through direct observation or interview p. 421. The
researcher chose 30 students of ELESP 2015 whose first language is Javanese. Those participants consisted of 15 male students and 15 female students. The
researcher then asked each participant to read a passage included in the appendix and recorded their voice. This recording technique was repeated until all the
participants‟ voices were recorded.
E. Data Analysis Technique
The researcher started the analysis by transcribing the audio data into written forms. The written forms of data were typed into phonetic transcription
containing the representative participants‟ pronunciation of observed words. The transcribing process from audio recording into written phonetic transcriptions
aimed to validate the actual data gathered in observation. To gather all the phonetic transcriptions from each participant, the researcher provided a table to
simplify the following data analysis. The table could be observed in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1 The Phonetic Transcription of Each Part icipant’s Pronunciation
Words Participant’s Pronunciations
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After the data from the recording was collected, the researcher compared the phonetic transcriptions of participants‟ pronunciation with the correct phonetic
transcriptions based on Longm an‟s Pronunciation Dictionary 2008. The
researcher used the table as seen in Table 3.2.
Table 3.2 Phonetic Transcription’s Comparison
Words Phonetic transcription
Longman Dictionary 2008
Participants’ Pronunciation
Next, to answer the first research problem, the researcher analysed the occurred English sound change phenomena by using the theory of English sound
changes, which is proposed by Crowley 1992. To assist the analysis, the researcher used Table 3.3.
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Table 3.3
Types of English Sound Changes by Crowley 1992 Types
Words Longman
Dictionary Participants’
Pronunciation Changes
Lenition and Fortition Sound Addition
Metathesis Fusion
Unpacking Vowel Breaking
Assimilation Dissimilation
Abnormal Sound Changes
Afterwards, to answer the second research problems, the researcher made a list of the
distributions of sound change that occurred in the students‟ pronunciation by using Table 3.4.
