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action had been successful or not. If the action was successful, the researcher could continue his work. If not, the researcher might have to find another text.
This was to give the participants various exposure of text. Hence, at the end of the research the participants improved their writing ability.
G. Data validity and Reliability
The data of the research should be valid and reliable. Hence, Burns 1999:161
– 162 suggests that there are five criteria related to the validity of the research. The five criteria are:
1. Democratic validity
In achieving this criterion, the researcher, assisted by the collaborator, discussed with the teacher to find out the problems and
how to solve them. Besides that, the researcher also did some interviews with the students as the subjects of the research..
2. Outcome validity
This criterion is related to the notion of action leading to outcomes that are “successful” within the research context. The
researcher expected this research to resolve the problems such as writing abilities, the students’ motivation and involvement in writing.
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3. Process validity
This criterion is related to the questions about the process of conducting the research. In achieving this validity, the researcher
observed the classroom activities, made field notes during the lessons, interviewed students and the teacher, and also discussed with the
school headmaster regarding the schedule of the research that was conducted by the researcher.
4. Catalic validity
This criterion is related to the extent that the research can make the research participant to relate the results with the reality. It was
reported that after the implementation of the peer feedback technique in writing descriptive texts, the students became more open-minded in
accepting or respecting others’ view or comment toward their works.
5. Dialogic validity
This criterion paralleled the process of peer review. In achieving this criterion, the researcher asked the teacher and collaborator to
observe and report the reaction of the students in the process of teaching and learning.
Furthermore, in order to make the reliable data, there are four techniques of triangulation suggested by Burns 1999:163. Yet, the researcher
used only three of them. They are:
