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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
A. Theoretical Review
1. Writing
a. Definition of writing
Writing is one of the four skills in English. Writing is considered as the productive skill since it allows the language user to produce texts. In
simple way, according to Hornby 1995:1382 writing is an activity of creating letters, words, sentences, or even other symbols on a surface. It is
also added by Byrne 1984:1 writing is the act of forming the graphic symbols such as letter and numbers. which are arranged in certain rules into
meaningful words, sentences, paragraphs, and so on. However, writing is not only about creating letters or symbols, yet it is
also about using them to hold communicative events. According to Troyka in Handayani et al. 2013: 1 writing is a way to communicate to the reader in
purposes. In short, writing is the ideas, feeling, or thought from the writer which are created and expressed into written form. The purposes are to deliver
messages, to give information to the readers, and to create literary works in written forms. These written forms should be readable and comprehensible.
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Hence, the reader can get the intended meaning from the writer since writing is also the way to communicate or deliver a message to a reader for a purpose.
Thus, writing allows the writer to employ letters or symbols to speak or deliver his or her intended messages, feelings, ideas, and of course thought in
a communicative way. Writing, although it shares the same kind of skill with speaking as
productive skill, cannot be acquired like the way speaking is. Speaking can be acquired by getting exposed orally. For example, babies can learn to talk by
imitating the words they heard from their parents, their babysitter, or even a neighbor. Yet, writing has a bit complicated processes so that people need to
learn it. Langan 2008:13 states that writing is like driving, typing, cooking, or any other skills which can be learned. Furthermore, Brown 2001:334
added that writing needs to be taught and learned. Hence, writing is not a natural gift or innate skill owned by people since he or she was born. Writing
can be learned by anyone just like any other skills.
b. Why teach writing?
Brown 2001:334 states that as the members of literate community, people need to learn to write. In learning to write, the teacher needs to give
special treatment in order to facilitate the student in the learning process. The teacher should give more attention to the students in the process of writing
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since writing can also be considered as discovering process. The guidance from the teacher is necessary as the student has to walk through several steps
in the writing process. Meanwhile, Harmer 2001:79 states that there are several important
reasons why writing needs to be taught to the students. The reasons are including the reinforcement, language development, learning style, and
writing as a skill.
1 Reinforcement
Some language learners usually find the language in oral form. That means they are mostly exposed to the language learning orally. Yet, most of
the language learners prefer the written from since they can benefit more from it. It is because written form provides them with the example of how the
construction of letters, words, sentences, and paragraphs fits well. Besides that, the written form can help the language learners to memorize the language
since the written display helps them to store more memories. The language learner usually benefits from writing sentences using new language after they
have studied it.
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