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3. Process validity
This criterion is related to the questions about the process of conducting the research. In achieving this validity, the researcher
observed the classroom activities, made field notes during the lessons, interviewed students and the teacher, and also discussed with the
school headmaster regarding the schedule of the research that was conducted by the researcher.
4. Catalic validity
This criterion is related to the extent that the research can make the research participant to relate the results with the reality. It was
reported that after the implementation of the peer feedback technique in writing descriptive texts, the students became more open-minded in
accepting or respecting others’ view or comment toward their works.
5. Dialogic validity
This criterion paralleled the process of peer review. In achieving this criterion, the researcher asked the teacher and collaborator to
observe and report the reaction of the students in the process of teaching and learning.
Furthermore, in order to make the reliable data, there are four techniques of triangulation suggested by Burns 1999:163. Yet, the researcher
used only three of them. They are:
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1. Time triangulation
The research data were collected at one point in time or over period of time to get a sense of what were involved in the processes
of the changes. In this research, the researcher collected the data at one point in time with six meetings of writing lesson. Then, he
compared and analyzed the data to develop the research questions.
2. Investigator triangulation
More than one observer was involved in the same research setting. This criterion was used to avoid observers being biased.
Besides that, this criterion was also used to provide checks on the reliability of the observation. In this research, the researcher was
assisted by a collaborator in handling several activities and observing the teaching-learning process.
3. Theoretical triangulation
The data were analyzed from more than one perspective. In this research, the researcher was helped by a collaborator in analyzing the
collected data.
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