6
The next term is personality. According to Kalish 52-53, personality is
a dynamic organization of characteristic attributes leading to behavior and distinguishing one individual from other individuals. A dynamic person is a
person who is constantly changing. Personality as an organization means that personality is neither a single part nor a combination of many separated parts, but
an organization of a “whole”. Characteristic refers to those distinctive features of an individual, which make him different from other people. Behavior is how a
human being reacts to a situation. In other words, personality is the changing and interrelating organization of distinctive features into a whole that leads a man to
behave as he does and that makes him different from other people.
The term development, according to Pikunas, refers to “all the processes
of change by which an individual’s potentialities unfold and appear as new qualities, abilities, traits, and related characteristics. It includes the long-term and
relatively irreversible gains from growth, maturation, learning, and achievement” 23.
From the definitions of personality and development above, it can be
concluded that personality development is all the processes of changing and
interrelating organization of distinctive features into a whole that lead a man to behave as he does and that make him different from other people.
The last term is self-concept. According to Combs et al, self-concept is
“the organization of perceptions about self which seems to the individual to be who he is” 77. It is how someone thinks of himself and things around him. Self-
concept is very important since it influences one’s behavior.
7
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter consists of two parts. They are Review of Related Theories and Theoretical Framework. In the first part, Review of Related Theories, the
writer discusses the theory of character and characterization, theory of critical approach, and theory of personality. The second part is the Theoretical
Framework where the writer talks about the theories applied and the reason why the theories are used.
A. Review of Related Theories
This part consists of some theories that are relevant in this study. They are theory of character and characterization, theory of critical approach, and theory of
personality in particular about the personality changes.
1. Theory of Character and Characterization
Character is the most important element in a novel that deals with the theme, setting, and the atmosphere. Abrams 23 defines a character as a person,
in a dramatic or narrative work, who is interpreted by the reader as having particular traits, natural qualities of a human being, and emotional qualities that
are expressed through his dialogue and action. Thus, a character is not merely a person in a story, but he also has human characteristics, feelings, and moral value,
which are shown through his words and his attitude as in real life.
8 Holman and Harmon 82 categorize character into two types, major
character and minor character. A major character is the character that plays the most important role in a story. He becomes the focus of the story and he
frequently appears in the story from the beginning until the end. By the end of the story, usually, this character changes, but not always. On the other hand, a minor
character is less important than a major character. He does not always appear in the story.
Furthermore, Holman and Harmon 83 explain that a character may be either static or dynamic. A static character is a character who changes his
characteristic a little or does not change at all. On the other hand, a dynamic character is a characteristic modified by actions and experiences. Hence, a
dynamic character may undergo permanent changes in some aspects of his personality or outlook as the consequences of the actions. There are also some
divisions of characters based on their function in the story as Woods and Rohrberger 20 - 21 explained; they are protagonist and antagonist.
Protagonist is the central character, the character whom all events in the novel have relevance. Usually a story or novel only has one single protagonist, but
it is also possible to find that some other stories or novels have more than one person come into action. On the other hand, antagonist is a character who is
involved in conflict with the protagonist character. Conflict here does not mean only struggle between people. Conflict can happen when a character contradicts
himself with his fate, a struggle of a character whereby he battles with a part of
