11 The formalistic approach treats a literary object as a total unity. It attempts
to judge the esthetic values of the object without referring to the genre of the piece of the author’s life and the sociocultural-historical background in which the
literary object takes place. The biographical approach considers an author’s life, idea and personality as important elements in studying a literary work. The
sociocultural-historical approach asserts that literary object is influenced by the sociocultural-historical milieu in which a literary work is created. Literature is not
created in a vacuum and it embodies ideas significant to the culture that produces it. The mythopoeic approach believes that cyclic patterns of certain universally
recurrent pattern of human thought appear intensively in significant works of art. The psychological approach concerns itself with the effort of analyzing a literary
work based on the psychological theory 7-13. The writer uses the theory of character and characterization in order to get
deeper analysis in answering the first problem as stated in the problem formulation. The writer also applies the psychological approach to find out the
psychological effects on the character as a result of the influence of other characters.
3. Theory of Personality
There are some definitions about personalities. According to Kalish 52, personality is the dynamic organization of characteristics. It also refers to the total
individual and includes needs, motives, methods of adjusting, temperament qualities, self-concepts, role behavior, attitudes, values and abilities. Kalish 52
12 also states that there is no element of personality isolated from any other element
and nothing operates independently. In other words, each element of personality forms a unity. Personality is not a single entity but an organization as of a
“whole”. It means that in order to work, there must be an organization of each part into a whole personality. Furthermore, character relates to behavior in personality.
How a person consistently behaves can be said it is his or her character because such behavior is more typical of him or her.
In this study, the writer also mentions some points from Hurlock. Hurlock mentions that “the word “personality” is derived from the Latin word persona,
which means “mask”. Among Greeks, actors used masks to hide their identity on the stage. Then, the dramatic technique was later adapted by the Romans to whom
persona denoted as ‘one appears to others’, not as one actually is” 6. Woodworth, in Hurlock’s book, defines personality as the quality of the
individual’s total behavior 6. While Allport, as quoted by Hurlock, defines personality as dynamic organization within the individual of those psycho-
physical systems that determine his characteristics, behavior and thought 10. There are many theories of personality. Therefore, they have the same scheme;
those theories agree that personality is a unique and permanent pattern of behavior and cognition that characterize a person’s adaptation to life.
a. Personality Changes
Personality changes are also called the changing of personality, for example from good to bad and vice versa. Usually the personality changes are
