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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter, the researcher is going to present some related theories to the research problem. It consists of two major sections, namely the theoretical
description and the theoretical framework.
A. Theoretical Description
The researcher would like to discuss some theories which are related to the topic. The theories are Scientific Approach, the theory of Scientific Approach, the
theory of perception, and attitude. The purposes of using those theories are to strengthen the result of the research and to find out the correlation between the
result of the research and also theories proposed by the experts.
1. Scientific Approach
According to Permendikbud no. 652013 about Curriculum 2013, the characteristic of learning in every education unit is related to the output standard
and the content standard Permendikbud, 2013, p. 3. Therefore, the purpose of learning is to develop three domains which are affective, knowledge, and skill.
Those domains can be achieved by implementing Scientific Approach. In the affective domain, the students know why they have to learn. On the skill domain,
the students know how they gain their knowledge. The last one which is the domain of knowledge, the students know what they are learning. As the result,
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the students increase and balance their ability in soft skills and hard skills to build up stu
dents’ productivity and creativity. In the curriculum development, there is a change in the learning process of the
implementation of Scientific Approach in Curriculum 2013. Based on Kemendikbud, 2012, Scientific Approach has five stages of learning process,
namely observing, questioning, associating, experimenting, and networking. Those are the original stages that are proposed by the government. According to
Permendikbud no. 652013 about the process of standard, the stages in the learning process become 6 steps which are observing, questioning, experimenting,
associating, networking, and creating. The last step is taken from the knowledge domain which is adapted to complete the learning process p. 3. Another
definition of Scientific Approach as it is stated by Sani 2014, Scientific Approach
is developed from Dyer’s theory about components of innovative skill integrated in the learning process which are observing, questioning,
experimenting, associating, and networking p. 53. However, the researcher uses the component of Scientific Approach as it is
proposed by Permendikbud no.652013 with six stages of learning process, namely observing, questioning, associating, experimenting, networking, and
creating. All stages are described below: 1.
In the process of observing, it primarily focuses on meaningful learning. This method has some specific benefit like providing realia, challenging, and
interesting process.
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2. In the questioning stage, the role of the teacher can be optimally needed. An
effective teacher becomes the inspiration for the students to increase and develop their attitude, skill, and knowledge Lazim, 2013, p. 4. The teacher,
who is trying to give a question to the students, can direct the students to be a good learner. While the teacher gives the answer of the students
’ question, heshe pushes the students to be a good listener. Almost all of the questions in
this stage are primarily seek for verbal feedback by changing the structure of the question word into statement.
3. In the experimenting stage, in order to get factual and authentic result, the
students must hold an experiment. In language learning, the students must comprehend the concept of language as a tool of communication in their daily
life. The students also must develop their knowledge and are able to use scientific methods to solve the problems that happen in their daily life.
4. In the process of associating, the teacher and the students are the active
participants. However the students must be more active in the learning process. Associating itself is the process of logic and systematic thinking
based on empiric and observable fact to get the node in the form of knowledge.
5. Networking is a means of collaborative learning. Collaboration essentially is
an interaction between the students and teacher-student. Collaborative learning makes the students conduct such interaction with others to communicate and
share their knowledge in order to enrich their information from others.