1. Observation Instrument
This observation was used by the writer to observe whether teachers practice the principles of effective teaching. The observation instrument was
based on the instruments developed from the Dynamic model Creemers and Kyriakydes, and it was observed on Likert scale and has 5 possible answers, they
were excellent, good, fair, poor, and very poor. This rating checklist can be used to analyze and to evaluate any type of product or performance, such as science
projects, inventions, dramas, dances, or experiments.
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In this case, the researcher acted as an observer who observed the teaching and learning activities at real
classroom atmosphere. Meanwhile, the writer recorded the process of teaching learning in the class for the documentation of this research. The observation
instrument was filled by the researcher after recording the teaching and learning process by using video recorder.
The observation instruments consisted of 51 items which were divided by
eight parts also see Appendix 1. Each part represents the principle of effective
teaching strategies. They were orientation items 1-5, structuring items 6-13, modeling items 14-18, application items 19-24, questioning technique items
25-33, assessment items 34-42, the classroom as a learning environment: the contribution of the teacher items 43-48, and management of time items 49-51.
To attain the validity, the researcher used content validity, and all items of questionnaires were matched and represent with the theory of Dynamic Models.
For the pilot study, the reliability α analysis was performed to identify the items that should be retained in the study. Due to the small number of participating
teachers N 15 in the pilot study, no reliability analysis was carried out. The following table presents the factors and examples of the items.
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Andrew P. Johnson, A Short Guide to Action Research, Boston: Pearson Education, Inc:2008, pp. 92
– 93.
Table 3.1 The Factors and Item Examples of the Observation Instrument Factors
Example Items Number
of Item
Orientation Teacher explains to the students about the
important or the aim of learning material. 5
Structuring Teacher presents the structure of lesson that
will be taught during studying. 8
Modeling Teacher presents the strategies or tips of
learning material that will be taught, and then students are offered to use the strategies to
solve the problem. 5
Application Teacher monitors, corrects the students’ task
and provides relevant feedback to students. 6
Questioning Teacher tries to rephrase the question into
easier words when students do not answer the teacher’s question.
9
Assessment Teacher gives the question to test whether
students understand the material given by teacher or not.
9
CLE Teacher provides opportunity to learn and also
time on task. 6
Time Management
Teacher can maximize students’ learning time during the lesson.
3 Teaching
quality All items in the Factors
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2. Questionnaire
Cohen said that “The questionnaire is a widely used instrument for
collecting survey information, providing structured, often numerical data, being able to be administered without the presence of the researcher, and often being
comparatively straigthforward to analyze. ”
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In line with this, the closed questionnaires where the possible answers were set out in the questionnaire that
were given both to students and teachers. Both tools were based on the instruments developed from the Dynamic Model Creemers and Kyriakydes.
Both questionnaires were used to get data whether teacher practice the effective
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Louis Cohen, et al., Research Methods in Education fifth Edition, London and New York: Routledge Falmer, 2000, p. 245.
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