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F. Data Validity and Data Reliability of the Research
1. Data Validity
There are five criteria of validating research data that must be achieved as Anderson et al 1994 in Burns 1999: 161-162. They are as follows:
a. Democratic validity It is related to the extent to which researcher is truly collaborative. This study
tries to fulfill the criterion by doing such interviews with the students and having discussion with the English teacher in finding and selecting problems
to be solved. b. Outcome validity
It is related to the notion of action leading to outcomes that are “successful” within the research context. This research is expected to be able to solve more
than one problems in teaching-learning process, for example ones which are related to speaking skills, motivation and involvement.
c. Process validity It is related to the extent which raises questions about the process of
conducting the research. Observing classroom activities, making field notes during the lessons, interviewing students, the collaborator and the teacher,
and having discussion with the school principal in the scheduled time would initiate the process of this study.
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d. Catalytic Validity It is related to the extent to which the research allows participants to deepen
their understanding of the social realities of the context and how they can make changes within it.
e. Dialogic validity It is related to the extent that parallels the process of collaborative enquiry or
reflective dialogue with critical friend or other participants. Asking the teacher to act as an observer who observe and report the s
tudents‟ interaction during the teaching and learning process will fulfill this criterion.
2. Data reliability
Triangulation technique was used to obtain the trustworthiness. Burns 1999: 164 proposes 4 triangulation techniques, and three of them were used in
this research study. They are presented as follows: a. Time triangulation
Time triangulation means that the data are collected over period of time. It is done to get a sense of what factors are involved in change processes. In this
research, the actions were done from May to June 2013. b. Theoretical triangulation
Theoretical triangulation means that the data are analyzed from more than one perspective and from some theoretical views. In this research, the researcher
reviewed the theories from some experts of some books.
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