6
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
In this chapter the researcher reviews the literature related to the area of the study. It consists of five main parts. First, the nature of speaking and oral
communication will be briefly overviewed. The second part is talking about the characteristics of teenagers. The third part is discussing interaction and its
components in teaching-learning process of English as a foreign language. The fourth is discussing communicative approach. The fifth is about relevant study
and the last is about the conceptual framework.
A. Literature Review
1. The Nature of Speaking and Oral Communication
Teaching English as a foreign language TEFL requires learners‟ exposure to what is called the foreign language skills: reading, speaking, writing
and listening. The first and the last aim of acquiring such language skills is to achieve a high development of abilities of receiving and producing the second
language either in oral or written form, i.e. achieving a good mastery in the productive and receptive skills. As far as speaking is concerned, it is regarded as
the major skill to be developed because it is necessary for displaying the language proficiency. Learners are going to be put in a situation where communication in
English is needed, that is why the emphasis is mainly on speaking. Communication is a dynamic interactive process that involves the effective
transmission of information, ideas, thoughts and feelings. Communication is not
passive and it does not just happen because both speaker and listener actively and consciously engage in a conversation in order to develop and exchange
information, meaning and understanding. Communication is dynamic because it involves a variety of activities that
must be communicative overtime. Communication is an interactive process because there are two communication agents involved in its process; sender and
receiver. They give influences on each other responses. According to Savignon 1983: 8, he says that communication is also defined as a continued process of
expression, interpretation and negotiation. Therefore, communication involves at least two people to exchange information, ideas, thoughts and feelings through
expression, interpretation and negotiation. Meanwhile, Cameron 2001: 40 says that speaking is the active use of
language to express meanings so that other people can understand them. It means that speaking is a productive skill that involves an active interaction between the
speaker and listener to deliver meanings or information. According to Nunan 1989: 32, the successful oral communication involves:
1 The ability to articulate phonological features of the language comprehensibly.
2 Mastery of stress, rhythm and intonation patterns. 3 An acceptable degree of fluency
4 Transactional and interpersonal skills 5 Skills in taking short and long speaking turns
6 Skills in management of interaction 7 Skills in negotiating meaning
8 Conversational listening skill successful conversations require good
listeners as well as good speakers 9 Skills in knowing about and negotiating purposes for conversations
10 Using appropriate conversational formulae and fillers.
Kategori