13 language. Moreover, language politeness also deals with language choosing as
well as the social context and the behaviors performed by the language users in understanding the message of the communication.
According to Searle 1974, speech act is the production of utterances which is done under the conditions. People may produce certain utterances based
on the condition that is faced during the communication. Searle 1974 adds that “speaking a language is firstly, performing speech acts, such as making
statements, giving commands, asking questions, making promises, and so on; and, secondly, that these acts are in general made possible by and are performed in
accordance with certain rules for the use of linguistics elements” p.16. In other words, someone who makes statements, gives commands, or makes promises is
considered as a speaker who performs the speech acts. Levinson 1983 states in order to deliver the meaning of what people want, all utterances which are
produced perform specific actions of doing things. In other words, when a speaker produces utterances, it may contain specific actions that represent the speak
er‟s wants or meaning. According to Austin 1962, there are three basic senses in
which saying something one is doing something, and hence three kinds of acts that are simultaneously performed as cited in Levinson, 1983. The classification
of three basic senses as stated by Austin 1962 is explained in the following sections.
a. Locutionary Act
According to Austin 1962, locutionary act is the act of saying something or uttering something. In other words, when someone is saying something to the
14 hearer, it is included in locutionary act. The example of locutionary act can be
found when someone is saying something, such as “Darling, you look so pale,
what happened?” By saying the utterance, the speaker asks about the condition of the addressee. The example above is included in locutionary act because by saying
that utterance, the speaker aimed to express something to the hearer. Therefore, by saying something to the hearer, the speaker has been successful in performing the
locutionary act.
b. Illocutionary Act
As stated by Austin 1962 “Ilocutionary act is the making of a statement,
offer, and promise in uttering a sentence, by virtue of the conventional force associated with it or with its explicit performative paraphrase”. Levinson 1983
adds that illocutionary act is the act of producing utterances which contain coercion to accomplish something. In other words, illocutionary act is the
performance of an act in saying something. The example of illocutionary act is found in the example which is stated in the section above. In the example above,
the speaker said, “Darling, you look so pale, what happened?” to the addressee.
This means that the speaker is worried about the addressee‟s health. The feeling of
worry which makes the speaker produces the utterance is included in illocutionary act. Therefore, the illocutionary act which can be found in the utterance is when
the speaker feels worry about the addressee‟s health which leads the speaker to produce the utterance.
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c. Perlocutionary Act
According to Austin 1962, “Perlocutionary is the bringing about effects on the audience by means of uttering the sentence, such effects being special to
the circumstances of utterance”. In other words, perlocutionary act is the act of producing utterances which may give effect for the audiences. Searle 1974 states
that the acts which may give effect for the audiences are the act of persuading, embarrassing, intimidating, boring, imitating, or inspiring the hearer. For example
is in the utterance, “Come on. Join my team, you will get so many great
experienc es” Through this utterance, the effect which will be given by the
addressee is either heshe is or is not willing to join the speaker‟s team. 2.
Face Threatening Acts
Brown and Levinson 1987 develop a theory about face threatening acts which is closely related to the theory of politeness strategies. Brown and Levinson
1987 state that face must be included to interaction because face is something that is emotionally invested and that can be lost, maintained, or enhanced. In other
words, when people hold the communication, they emotionally produce face threatening acts which are aimed to achieve the purpose in communication. Face
threatening acts FTA are those acts which run contrary to the face wants of the addressee andor the speaker Brown Levinson 1987. Therefore, the act which
is performed through face may represent what the people have in mind and what is intended to be done through verbal or non-verbal communication. There are two
kinds of Face Threatening Acts, namely negative face and positive face. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
