35 In line with the method of this study which was document analysis, the
technique in obtaining the data would be the observation. Observation is the most basic method for obtaining data in qualitative research, it is more global type of
observation than the systematic observation in quantitative research Ary et al, 2002. The data gathered from the observation would be more in a form of words
rather than numeric data. In this study, the writer also made a table which was used for observing and classifying the utterances of the characters as well as the
main theory used in this study. Table 3.1 was used to collect and classify the characters‟ utterances which happened in Begin Again movie.
Table 3.1: The Classification of Politeness Strategies in Begin Again Movie
Characters Politeness Strategies
Bald on Record
Off Record Positive
Politeness Negative
Politeness Gretta
Dan Mulligan Dave Kohl
Steve
E. Data Analysis Technique
Miles and Huberman 1994 qualitative research includes three activities namely, data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. Each step will be
elaborated in the following section. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
36
a. Data Reduction
Miles and Huberman 1994 state that data reduction refers to the process of selecting, simplifying, abstracting, and transforming the data that appear in the
transcriptions. The writer gathered the utterances of the four main characters which were included in politeness strategies. After that, the writer simplified the
utterances by classifying the utterances into the framework of politeness strategies. In classifying the data, the writer employed a step called coding.
Coding is the process of examining the raw qualitative data which are in the form of words, phrases, sentences or paragraphs and assigning codes or label Coding
of Qualitative Data, 2015. The raw data was the data which had not been classified into the framework of politeness strategies. Therefore, the writer made a
table containing the general categories and the codes.
Table: 3.2 Code List No.
General Categories Codes
1. Bald on Record
BoR 2.
Positive Politeness PP
3. Negative Politeness
NP 4.
Off Record OR
b.
Data Display
Miles and Huberman 1994 describe that a display is an organized and compressed assembly of information that allows the conclusion to be constructed.
In this process, the writer inserted the data of politeness strategies into a table. This was done in order to help the writer in drawing the conclusion based on the
data. Miles and Huberman 1994 point out that looking at displays helps the writer to understand the main idea of the information so that the writer can decide
37 the next action to be done. Therefore, through the data display, the writer would
be able to draw conclusion related to the data.
c. Conclusion Drawing
The last step of the analysis is conclusion drawing. Miles and Huberman 1994 state that from the beginning of data collection, the writer has already had
the initial conclusion in which the conclusion is still vague. After finishing the two previous steps, the writer was able to build a conclusion based on the data
which have been simplified and fixed. Therefore, the final conclusion would be clearer and more accurate as it was constructed based on the data which had been
processed.
F. Research Procedures
The procedures which were used to gather and analyze the data were
explained as follows: 1.
Analyzing the Characters’ Utterances
The first step was analyzing the script of Begin Again movie. The writer analyzed the movie script to select the utterances which contained politeness
strategies. Afterward, the writer analyzed all utterances of the four main characters to find out the answer of the research questions.
2. Categorizing the Characters’ Utterances
The second step was categor izing the characters‟ utterances into the types
of politeness strategies. The writer employed the theory from Brown and Levinson 1987 about politeness strategies. This procedure was done to find out
