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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Chapter two is aimed at discussing the theories underlying this study. This chapter covers theoretical description and theoretical review. The theoretical
description focuses on the theories that underline the topic of the research. Since the objective of this study is to find out to what extent the second and fourth
semester students give feedback to their friends’ writing, the theories that will be presented cover the issue of the theory of writing, and the presence of feedback in
writing and peer feedback. The implementation of the theories in this study is discussed in the theoretical framework.
A. Theoretical Description
This part consists of an explanation about three theories which underline this study. The first theory is about theory of writing, the second theory is the
presence of feedback in writing, and the last is peer feedback.
1. Theories of Writing a. Concept of writing
According to Walvoord 1985, “Writing is a useful tool for discovering and thinking. It is also the vital connection on which education, culture, and
commerce in our society depend p.1.” Moreover writing can be one of the
ways of thinking, learning, and sharing ideas with others. Writing also plays often integral role in an individual’s personal as well as professional life
Zimmerman and Rodrigues, 1992: 4. In English learning, there are four skills which have to be learned. They
are reading, writing, speaking, and listening. For English as Foreign Language learners including the students of English Education Study Program, writing
becomes one of the English skills that have to be mastered. Through writing, we can express our thoughts, ideas, and also feeling. Considering that writing is
very important not only in an educational sector but also in a real world when we work later, from now a student should produce a good piece of writing.
A good piece of writing should present the content, organization, sentence structure, and word choice well so it can be appropriate for the writer’s,
audience, and propose Zimmerman and Rodrigues, 1992; p.9. Besides producing a good piece of writing; the students also have to improve their
writing skill because it is crucial for them as students and as a professional later Walvoord, 1992; 1. Walvoord 1992 explains to improve students’ writing;
they have to know two things: what effective writing looks like, and how to plan and carry out a writing task. Walvoord 1992 also states that, “Writing is
effective when it accomplishes its purpose for its audience and it can help the writers discover their ideas and deepen their insights” p.3.
These are the characteristics of effective public writing according to Walvoord 1992; p.4
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