Feedback Writing Definition of Terms

M: MAIN IDEA : Effective public writing focuses on a main idea appropriate to its audience and purpose. O: ORGANIZATION : Effective public writing has a well organized pattern of sub points with the evidence. S: SUPPORT : Effective public writing supports its points with the evidence, illustration, and detail needed to accomplish its purpose for its audience. S: SENTENCE AND : Effective public writing has sentences and paragraphs PARAGRAPHS that are clear and readable and that serve the writer’s purpose for the audience. C: CONVENTION : Effective public writing follows the conventions of grammar, punctuation, and documentation that its audience expects. From those characteristics, we can conclude that to have a good piece of writing is important because it means that through a good writing, we can really share our thoughts and ideas so that the readers will understand clearly and easily. There are three processes of writing that have to be followed by the writers so that they can produce a good piece of writing. Those three processes according to Gerson and Gerson 2003; p.12 are: 1 Prewriting In Prewriting, the writers must determine their objectives. They have to know why they are writing and what they have to achieve. These objectives include the motivation, rational, and purpose for writing. After determining the objectives, the next step that has to be done is gathering data. Finally, the writers must consider the audiences or the readers of their writing. By prewriting, it means that the writers plan their correspondence. 2 Writing After conducting prewriting, the writers should make a draft of their writing. The writer should organize their draft according to some logical sequence. Then, the writers must format the content so that the readers can understand it clearly and easily. 3 Rewriting The final process of writing is rewriting the drafts. Rewriting allows the writers to perfect their writing. Revision is the most important stage in the writing process. Rewriting is the stage in which the writers make sure that everything is just right. The process approach to writing including prewriting, writing and rewriting can help the writers to write successfully and effectively in any environment or writing situation.

b. Writing Product versus Writing Process

One of the most controversial aspects of writing pedagogy has been the tension between process and product approaches to the teaching of writing Nunan, 1999; p. 272. Nunan 1999 also states that product–oriented approaches focus on the final product, the coherent, error free text. Richard 1992 explains that “Product approach means that the focus is on the ability to produce correct texts or “products” p.106.” Furthermore, Nunan 1992 argues that “Product oriented approach focus on task in which the learners imitate copy and transform models provided by the teacher or the textbook p.272.” According to Brown 2007, the compositions of product-oriented approach are supposed to meet certain standards of prescribed English rhetorical style, reflect accurate grammar and be organized in conformity with what the audience would consider to be conventional p.391. In evaluating, usually the teacher will give a list of criteria that included content, organization, vocabulary use, grammatical use, and mechanical consideration such as spelling and punctuation Brown, 2007; p. 391.Based on those explanations, we can conclude that writing product approach emphasis on the quality of the writing without noticing the steps and efforts taken by the students in producing their writings. Thus, the major focus of this approach is on the finished product writing and the grade of writing. In contrast to the writing product approach, the writing process approach based on Cohen’ 1990 explanation is a process whereby the finished product emerges after a series of drafts. It puts emphasis on the processes that have been taken by the writers in producing a piece of writing p.105. Those statements also supported by Nunan 1999 who says that the focus of writing process approach is on the steps involved in drafting and redrafting a piece of writing p.272.