47 conducted during the spring 2012 semester at one Central US University. There
were three instruments used in the research to collect a primary data: a pre-study survey, student reflections for class projects, and a post-study survey. The
findings indicate that mobile technologies have the potential to provide new learning experiences.
The third study is entitled “Does a Creative Learning Medium Matter?
Impact of Low Cost Android Tablets on Elementary Students‟ English Comprehension, Perceived Performance and Memory Retention
” conducted by El-Mouelhy et al. 2013. This study is aimed to know the effect of Android tablet
on elementary students‟ learning performance, especially their reading comprehension, perceived comprehension performance, memory retention, and
the implication of the finding and future directions . The writers conducted two kinds of study. The participants of the first study were 18 fourth-graders and 36
sixth-graders. The participants were asked to read two passages based on their grade on a tablet and completed the comprehension tests followed. On the other
hand, the participants of the second study were 28 first-graders students. From both studies, it is found that android tablets did not have negative impacts on
sixth-grader reading comprehension. It is found that the use of tablets in the c
lassroom can improve the students‟ confidence in completing the tasks.
C. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
In this part, the writer explains how the theories mentioned in the previous section support this research. The theories are theories of speaking, mobile
48 learning, MALL, Android and App Inventor. Below is the framework model of
this research.
Figure 2.7 Theoretical Framework Model
The theories of speaking gives concept of the speaking aspects that are needed by the students. Those speaking aspects are developed as the materials in
the learning media. The theories of mobile learning, MALL, Android and App Inventor are used as the basic theories in developing the learning media. The
theory of mobile learning gives the idea of portable learning. A portable learning can promote an independent learning to the students.
In order to reach the goal, the mobile learning should meet the principles proposed by Elias 2011. The principles are equitable use, flexible use, simple
and intuitive, perceptible information, tolerance or error, low physical and technical effort, community of learners and support and instructional climate.
49 Those principles are used as the core idea of developing a portable learning for the
students. In addition, the theory of MALL are used as the foundation in developing
the learning application. It provides the writer with the principles of creating a mobile learning proposed by Stockwell and Hubard 2013. Besides the theories
of mobile learning and MALL, the theories of Android and App Inventor are used to build the application. These theories give the idea of the features to be built in
the application and also the steps of how to create the application. They give sufficient information for a beginning developer in creating a customized learning
application which is suitable for the students‟ needs. The theories of speaking, mobile learning, MALL, Android and App
Inventor that have been discussed above are then used as the core idea of developing the application. An Android application that is focused on speaking
skill improvement is then developed. This application gives the students a portable learning device which enable them to have more learning opportunities
both inside and outside the school. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In this chapter the writer explains about the research method, research design, research participants and setting, data gathering technique and data
analysis. The first part, research method, consists of a series of steps the writer conducts in order to write this thesis. The second part, research design, contains
the explanation of the research design. The third part, research participants and setting, explains the place where the writer conducts the study and who the
participants of the research. The fourth part, data gathering technique, explains how the writer collects the data for the research. The last part, data analysis,
explains how the writer will analyze the gathered data.
A. RESEARCH METHOD
The writer uses the Research and Development cycle in order to have appropriate design for the students. Research and development is a process used
to develop educational products which can enhance teaching and learning processes. The writer uses the Research and Development for the educational
research in order to have more efficient, practical and applicable educational research. There are ten steps in of research and development proposed by Borg
and Gall 1983. Those cycles are research and information collecting, Planning, Develop preliminary form of product, Preliminary field testing, Main product
revision, Main field testing, Operational product revision, Operational field PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
