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Table 2.2 Four Categories of Speaking Skill Core skills
Specific skills a. Pronunciation
Produce the sounds of the target language of the segmental and
suprasegmental levels. Articulate the vowels and consonants
and blended sounds of English clearly. Assign word stress in prominent words
to indicate meaning. Use different intonation patterns to
communicate new and old information.
b. Speech function Perform a precise communicative
function or speech act. Request: permission, help, clarification,
assistance, etc. Express: encouragement, agreement,
thanks, regret,
good wishes,
disagreement, disapproval, complaints, tentativeness, etc.
Explain: reasons, purposes, procedures, processes, cause and effect, etc.
Give: instructions,
directions, commands, orders, opinions, etc.
Offer: advice, condolences, suggestions, alternatives, etc.
Describes: events, people, objects, settings, moods, etc.
c. Interaction management Regulate
conversations and
discussions during interactions Initiate, maintain, and end conversation
Offer turns Direct conversations
Clarify meaning Change topics
Recognize and use verbal and non-verbal cues.
d. Discourse organization Create
extended discourse
in various spoken genres, according to
socioculturally appropriate
conventions of language. Establish coherence and cohesion in
extended discourse through lexical and grammatical choices.
Use discourse markers and intonation to signpost changes in the discourse, such a
change of topic Use linguistic conventions to structure
spoken texts for various communicative purposes, e.g. recounts and narratives.
Meanwhile, there are some other speaking aspects which can influence speaking effectiveness. Louma 2004 states that speaking cover some categories
14 such as fluency, accuracy, interaction and coherence. First, fluency is the ability to
express comprehensible language smoothly. Fluent speakers will speak without any hesitation and many pauses in their communication. They will express the
information com municatively, „effectively and naturally. Second, accuracy, refers
to the speakers‟ ability to produce correct sentences including grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation. Third, interaction refers to the situation between
the speakers and listeners. Interaction plays a big role in speaking. In influences the atmosphere of the conversation created by both speaker and listener. It will
create new topics to be discussed that can encourage the speaker and listener to communicate to one another. Fifth, coherence refers to the appropriateness of the
discourse in the conversation. In this case, coherence is closely related to how the speakers use appropriate cohesive devices.
d. Types of Classroom Speaking Performance
