on advertisement. In many cases it is apparent that they are deliberate shortenings to save time and space; such clipping are, technically speaking,
not ―new‖ words, but stylistic variants of existing words.
82
f. Back-formation
Quite often, words are analogically derived by deleting a suffix, a process called back-formation.
83
Back-formation occurs when a suffix is removed from a complex word.
84
An example of such a back-formation is the verb edit which was derived from the word editor by deleting
–or on the basis of a proportional analogy with word pairs such as actor
– act.
85
Another example of back-formation is the verb escalate, which occurs with two meanings, each of which is derived from a different model word.
The first meaning can be paraphrased as ‗to climb or reach by means of an escalator ... to travel on an escalator‘ OED, and is modeled on escalator.
The second meaning is escalate is roughly synonymous with ‗increase in
i ntensity‘ which is back-formed from escalation which can be paraphrased
as ‗increase of development by successive stages‘.
86
82
Donka Minkova Robert Stockwell, op.cit., p. 15
83
Ingo Plag, op.cit., p. 48
84
Kirsten Malmkjær, op.cit., p. 360
85
Ingo Plag, loc.cit.
86
Ibid, p. 49
g. Abbreviations: acronyms and initialisms
Abbreviation is most commonly formed by taking initial letters of multi-word sequences to make up a new word. For example, FAQ for
frequently asked question . One can also find abbreviations that incorporate
non-initial letters. As an example, ASAP stands for as soon as possible.
87
If we take a look into abbreviation, it will give differences of abbreviation by
its spelling and pronunciation. So, abbreviations can be grouped into two
part, abbreviation non-initial called acronyms and abbreviation by taking initial named initialisms.
g.1 Acronyms
Acronyms acr-o ‗tip, point‘ + onym ‗name‘ are a special type of
shortening. A typical acronym takes the first sound from each of several words and makes a new word from those initial sounds and resulting initials
that pronounced like any other word.
88
The spelling of acronyms may differ with regard to the use of capital letters. Usually capital letters are used,
which can be interpreted as a formal device that clearly links the acronym to its base word.
89
The acronyms are, for example: NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NATO North Atlantic Treaty
Organization . Often, however, to make an acronym pronounceable, we
87
Ibid, p. 161
88
Donka Minkova Robert Stockwell, op.cit., p. 16
89
Ingo Plag, op.cit., p. 163
