examples are smog a blend of smoke and fog, motel from motor and hotel, heliport
from helicopter and airport, and brunch from breakfast and lunch. The examples of blending can be assigned to two classes such as
blend of motel; the meaning of this form is one where the first element modifies the second element.
77
Another example is mocamp from motor and camp
is a kind of camp, not a kind of motor. A brunch is both breakfast and lunch
. The blends in that example denote entities that share properties of the referents of both elements.
78
e. Clipping
One of the many ways in which speakers shorten their words or phrases is by clipping off some part of word, and throwing away the rest.
79
Clipping which can involve deletion of initial morphemes or final word- segments, such as laboratory, or telephone.
80
Plag 2002 have also stated about clipping in addition to Minkova and Stockwell 2009 that
clipping is the processes involving the deletion of material, yet another case of non-concatenative morphology. The process also occasionally
encountered with words that are not personal names.
81
The examples of clipping are phone from telephone, plane from airplane
, flu from influenza. Ad and British advert are transparently based
77
Ibid, p. 156
78
Ibid
79
Donka Minkova Robert Stockwell, op.cit., p. 14
80
Kirsten Malmkjær, loc.cit.
81
Ingo Plag, op.cit., p. 16
on advertisement. In many cases it is apparent that they are deliberate shortenings to save time and space; such clipping are, technically speaking,
not ―new‖ words, but stylistic variants of existing words.
82
f. Back-formation
Quite often, words are analogically derived by deleting a suffix, a process called back-formation.
83
Back-formation occurs when a suffix is removed from a complex word.
84
An example of such a back-formation is the verb edit which was derived from the word editor by deleting
–or on the basis of a proportional analogy with word pairs such as actor
– act.
85
Another example of back-formation is the verb escalate, which occurs with two meanings, each of which is derived from a different model word.
The first meaning can be paraphrased as ‗to climb or reach by means of an escalator ... to travel on an escalator‘ OED, and is modeled on escalator.
The second meaning is escalate is roughly synonymous with ‗increase in
i ntensity‘ which is back-formed from escalation which can be paraphrased
as ‗increase of development by successive stages‘.
86
82
Donka Minkova Robert Stockwell, op.cit., p. 15
83
Ingo Plag, op.cit., p. 48
84
Kirsten Malmkjær, op.cit., p. 360
85
Ingo Plag, loc.cit.
86
Ibid, p. 49
