are no, therefore, listed in a dictionary.
69
For example, birthplace a place of birth, washing machine we wash things with the machine, sunrise the
rising of the sun. Another type of compound is lexical compound which if we do not know the meaning already has to be looked up in a dictionary
like a totally novel word.
70
For example, crybaby is not refers to babies that cry but to people who act like babies that cry. Similarly, girl friend is not
just a girl who is a friend, nor is boy friend just a boy who is a friend. These compounds actually can mean what they appear to mean on the surface, but
usually they mean more than that.
c. Creation
de novo
Though one might think it an easy matter to create a new word without basing it on some pre-existing word or part of a word for some
new idea or new artifact, such creations are rare. The invention of completely new morphs is rare in comparison to the kinds of word
formation described above inflection, derivation, and compounding. Word formation processes are variably productive but constantly in operation to
expand the lexicon as new meanings emerge, social and technological change takes place, and individuals create new forms.
71
69
Donka Minkova Robert Stockwell, op.cit., p. 10
70
Ibid
71
Kirsten Malmkjær, op.cit., p. 361
Creation de novo or de novo itself refers to words created entirely from scratch, a process known also as word-manufacture.
72
Completely new words often start as trade-marks. Kodak was created and registered as a
proprietary name in 1888 by George Eastman, founder of the camera company that bears his name. The word Kodak itself is reported to have said
that it was ―a purely arbitrary combination of letters, not derived in whole or
in part from any existing word.‖
73
In the world of marketing, such creations are generally the result of massive commercial research efforts to find a combination of sounds, words
that have a pleasant ring to them and that are easy to pronounce. But most of the new words that even advertising experts come up with are derived from
old words.
74
So, it can be concluded that creation de novo is mostly formed from a brand which used and known worldwide.
d. Blending
In blending, parts of two familiar words are yoked together usually the first part of one word and the second part of the other to produce a word
which combines the meanings and sound of the old ones.
75
Most treatments converge on a definition of blends as words that combine two words into
one, deleting material from one or both of the source words.
76
Successful
72
Donka Minkova Robert Stockwell, op.cit., p. 12
73
Ibid
74
Ibid, p. 13
75
Ibid
76
Ingo Plag, op.cit., p. 155
examples are smog a blend of smoke and fog, motel from motor and hotel, heliport
from helicopter and airport, and brunch from breakfast and lunch. The examples of blending can be assigned to two classes such as
blend of motel; the meaning of this form is one where the first element modifies the second element.
77
Another example is mocamp from motor and camp
is a kind of camp, not a kind of motor. A brunch is both breakfast and lunch
. The blends in that example denote entities that share properties of the referents of both elements.
78
e. Clipping
One of the many ways in which speakers shorten their words or phrases is by clipping off some part of word, and throwing away the rest.
79
Clipping which can involve deletion of initial morphemes or final word- segments, such as laboratory, or telephone.
80
Plag 2002 have also stated about clipping in addition to Minkova and Stockwell 2009 that
clipping is the processes involving the deletion of material, yet another case of non-concatenative morphology. The process also occasionally
encountered with words that are not personal names.
81
The examples of clipping are phone from telephone, plane from airplane
, flu from influenza. Ad and British advert are transparently based
77
Ibid, p. 156
78
Ibid
79
Donka Minkova Robert Stockwell, op.cit., p. 14
80
Kirsten Malmkjær, loc.cit.
81
Ingo Plag, op.cit., p. 16
