S ampl
e Te
st Omis
sion Addition
Misformation
Mi se
lec ti
on
Mi sorde
ring R
esult
Double Mar
king
R egular
iza ti
on
S im
ple A ddit
ion
R egular
iza ti
on
Ar chi
-fo rm
Alter na
ti ng
-for m
16 1
1O -
- -
- 1QW
- -
1HV, 1S
2
- -
- -
- -
- 1QW
-
17 1
1V -
- -
- 1QW
- -
-
2
- -
- -
- 1HV,
1V -
- -
18 1
1O -
- -
- 1QW
- -
1S
2
- -
- -
1PP 1HV,
1V -
- 1HV
19 1
1O -
- -
- 1QW
- -
1S
2
- -
- -
- -
- -
-
20 1
1O -
- -
- -
- -
1S
2
- -
- 1RP
- 1PP
- -
1HV
21 1
1O -
- -
- -
- -
1S
2
- -
- -
- -
- -
-
22 1
1O -
- -
- 1QW
- -
1HV, 1S
2
- -
- 1RP
- -
- -
1HV
23 1
- -
- -
- 1QW
- -
1S
2
- -
- -
- -
- -
- Description: HV = Helping Verb, O = Object, PP = Personal Pronoun, QW = Question Word,
R = Relative Pronoun, S = Subject, V = Verb.
S ampl
e Te
st Omis
sion Addition
Misformation
Mi se
lec ti
on
Mi sorde
ring R
esult
Double Mar
king
R egular
iza ti
on
S im
ple A ddit
ion
R egular
iza ti
on
Ar chi
-fo rm
Alter na
ti ng
-for m
24 1
1Ad -
- -
- 1QW,
1HV -
1V 1S
E
rror
2
- -
- -
- 3HV
, 2V
- 1Ad
-
25 1
1O -
- -
- -
- -
1S
2
- -
- -
- -
- 2QW,
1Ad 1HV
26 1
1V, 1O,
1P -
- -
- 1QW
- -
-
2
- -
- -
- 1HV,
1PP -
- -
27 1
1O -
- -
- 1QW,
1PP -
- 1HV
1S
E
rror
2
- -
- -
- -
- 1QW,
1Ad
3HV
28 1
- -
- -
- 1QW
- -
1S
2
- -
- -
- -
- -
2HV
29 1
1P -
- -
- 1QW
- -
-
2
- -
- -
- 1HV
- -
-
30 1
1P -
- -
- 2QW
- -
-
2
- -
- -
1PP -
- 1QW
- Description: Ad = Adverb, HV = Helping Verb, O = Object, P = Preposition,PP = Personal
Pronoun, QW = Question Word, R = Relative Pronoun, S = Subject, V = Verb.
S ampl
e Te
st Omis
sion Addition
Misformation
Mi se
lec ti
on
Mi sorde
ring R
esult
Double Mar
king
R egular
iza ti
on
S im
ple A ddit
ion
R egular
iza ti
on
Ar chi
-fo rm
Alter na
ti ng
-for m
31 1
- -
- -
- 1QW,
1HV -
- 2HV
1S
2
- 1HV
- -
- -
- -
-
32 1
- -
- -
- 1QW
- -
1S
2
- -
- -
- -
- 1Ad
-
33 1
- -
- -
- 1QW
- -
1S
2
- -
- -
- 1V
- -
-
34 1
- -
- -
- 1QW,
1HV -
- 1HV
1S
2
- 1HV
- -
- -
- 1Ad
-
35 1
1O -
- -
- 1QW
- -
1HV 1S
2
- -
- -
- -
- 1Ad
-
36 1
1S, 1O
- -
- -
1QW -
- 2HV
1S
E
rror
2
- -
- -
- -
- -
3HV
37 1
1HV, 1O
- -
- -
1QW -
- 1HV
1S
E
rror
2
- -
- -
- 1HV
- -
2HV
Description: Ad = Adverb, HV = Helping Verb, O = Object, QW = Question Word, S = Subject, V = Verb
Based on the table 4.5, there are 5 students of 37 students or 13.5 in percentage who made errors in making wh-question in simple past tense.
2. The Result of Observation
The observation was conducted on April 21, 2014. The objects of the observation are the teaching-learning activity and the material which is used
by the students in learning wh-question. The objective of this observation is to find out whether there is context of learning as the cause of error. The
observation of teaching-learning activity was taken place in the classroom of 8A and 8B.
According to observation guide see appendix 5 page 135-136, there are four points which were being evaluated, they are: teacher’s performance in
conveying professional attributes, teacher’s behavior in establishing set, using
question, and providing clear instructions.
1
The result of observation is the teacher showed good performance and behavior, such as: in conveying
professional attributes, the teacher appeared knowledgeable of the topic, of learners, and of pedagogy. In establishing set, the teacher captured students’
attention and related new information about simple past tense to what students had learned previously about simple present tense, present continues tense,
simple future tense. In using question, she used the question effectively. In providing clear instruction, the teacher used pauses to reinforce important
points or to allow learners to ask questions. The students were attentively listening to t
he teacher’s explanation about wh-question in different tenses. The learning material that is used by the students is English book. The
English book is “Contextual English VIII”, published by Quantum. The result
of the observation shows that both teaching-learning activity and the English book do not mislead the students to make some errors.
B. Data Analysis
1. Simple Present Tense
Based on the data description above, the frequency of error which students made in simple present tense is described as follow:
1
Donald R. Cruickshank, Deborah Bainer Jenkins, Kim K. Metcalf, The Act of Teaching, Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2006, pp. 450-453.
Table 4.6 Frequency of Error in Making Simple Present Tense
Types of Error POS
FOE POE
Samples P
Omission Helping
Verb 22
59.5 9, 14, 18, 25,
27, 31, 37 18.9
Addi ti
on Double
Marking -
- -
- Regularization
- -
- -
Simple Addition
- -
- -
Mi sfor
mation Regularization
- -
- -
- Archi-form
Helping Verb
15 40.5
1, 7, 13, 22, 26
13.5 Alternating
form -
- -
- Miselection
- -
- -
Misordering -
- -
-
2 Types 1
37 100
12 students
32.4
POS = Part of Sentence, FOE = Frequency of Error, POE = Percentage of Error, P = Percentage of Students.
Based on the table 4.6, the second year students of SMP Islam Al-Syukro Universal made two types of error, they are: omission and archi-form. Both of
them are committed in one part of wh-question: helping verb. There are 22 omissions of helping verb or 59.5 of the total errors and they are made by 7
students or 18.9 of the total students. There are 15 archi-forms of helping verb or 40.5 of the total errors, and they made by 5 students or 13.5 of
the total students.
Table 4.7 The Errors of
Wh-Question in Simple Present Tense No.
Items Omission Of Helping Verb
Sample Error
Reconstructions
A11 What color__ your bag? 27
What color is your bag? A31
What __ your school’s name? 27, 37 What is your school’s name?
A51 Where your Grandpa and Grandma live?
9, 18, 14, 25, 27, 37
Where do your Grandpa and Grandma live?
B81 Whose painting __ very beautiful?
31 Whose painting is very
beautiful? A12 When the lesson start every
day? 9, 18, 14,
25, 27 When does the lesson start
every day? A32 Why __ all of Museum in
Jakarta close on Monday? 9, 18, 14,
25, 27, 37 Why do all of Museum in
Jakarta close on Monday? B12 Who__ the architect of Statue
of Liberty? 27
Who is the architect of Statue of Liberty?
No. Items
Archi-form of Helping Verb Sample
Error Reconstructions
A51 Where is your Grandpa and Grandma live?
Where are your Grandpa and Grandma live?
1, 13, 22, 26
7 Where do your Grandpa and
Grandma live?
A 1 When did the lesson start
every day? When is the lesson start every
day? 7
26 When does the lesson start
every day?
A32 Why does all of Museum in Jakarta close on Monday?
Why are all of Museum in Jakarta close on Monday?
When did the lesson start every day?
1, 13, 22 7
26 Why do all of Museum in
Jakarta close on Monday?