from people and their observable behavior.
2
The objectives of this study are to see the errors of second year students in making wh-questions and the causes of those
errors. Therefore, this research is a case study. Bogdan states “a case study is a
detailed examination of one setting, or asingle subject, a single depository of documents,
or one particular event”.
3
the types and the causes of error made by the second year students, therefore this study uses qualitative methods.
D. Procedure of Collecting Data
In collecting data, the writer started with observing the teaching-learning activity in the classroom. The objects of this observation are the teacher, the
material and the students. The teaching-learning activity was observed on April 21
st
2014. Then, the writer gave the students tests about wh-questions they had learned. These tests are given twice at the different time and date. The first test
was conducted on April 23
rd
2014 and the second test was conducted on April 25
th
2014. The tests are given to gain the data about the most error that students made in making wh-questions.
E. Instrument of the Research
In collecting data of the research, the writer used two Instruments for different purposes. The instruments are:
1. Human
The main instrument in qualitative research is human. In this case, the writer is the instrument who collecting the data while observation was conducted.
The purpose of the observation is to find out whether any induced error from teacher or learning materials. Induced error caused by teacher could be the
wrong explanation, the wrong examples, teaching aids, etc., that are given by the teacher. The writer observed the teaching and learning activity are helped
with observation guide as guidance.
2
S. Margono, Metodologi Penelitian Pendidikan, Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta, 2010, p. 36.
3
Bogdan, Robert C., and Biklen, Sari Knopp, Qualitative Research for Education: Introduction to theories and method, Boston: Pearson, 2007, p. 59.
2. Tests
The purpose of these tests is to get data of errors. From this data the writer may able to know what kinds of error the students made. The test consists of
10 items of translation and 10 items of transformation.
F. Technique of Collecting Data
This research used two techniques in collecting the data, they are: 1.
Observation The observation was conducted to observe the teaching and learning activity
in the classroom. The technique of the observation is non-participant observation which the writer are outside the subject, the writer only stood as
an observant. Since the objective of the observation is to find out the induced error, The focus of the observation is the explanation of the teacher about the
material and the content of the book which is used by the students. 2.
Tests The tests are given to the second year students of SMP Islam Al-Syukro
Universal. In order to distinct the error from mistake, the tests were given twice in the different date and time. Below is the distribution of the item
numbers of wh-question test:
Table 3.1 The Distribution of the Item Numbers of
WH-Question Test
Activity Indicators
Test Item Test 1
Test 2
Translating wh-questions
Translating wh-questions in Bahasa to English in simple
present tense. Section A:
1, 3, 5 Section A:
1, 3, 5
