Table 4.13 The Errors of
Wh-Question in Simple Future Tense No.
Items Archi-form of Helping Verb
Sample Error
Reconstructions
A71 Where are you going your
holiday? 24
Where will you spend your holiday?
A42 How do you go to Candi
Prambanan this holiday? 24
How will you go to Candi Prambanan next holiday?
B62 When is your Father goes to
Bandung? 24
When will your Father go to Bandung?
No. Items
Misordering of Helping Verb
Sample Error
Reconstructions
A71 Where you will spend your
next holiday? 24, 36
Where will you spend your next holiday?
B61 When the students will have
English test? 24, 27, 37
When the students will have English test?
A42 How you will go to Candi
Prambanan next holiday? 36, 37
How will you go to Candi Prambanan next holiday?
B62 When your Father will go to
Bandung? 24, 27, 36
When will your Father go to Bandung?
B82 How your Mother will order
the ticket? 36, 37
How will your Mother order the ticket?
B102 When the people will bring
umbrella? 27
When will the people bring umbrella?
Based on the table 4.13 above the errors which the students made are the archi- form of helping verb, it is made because the students put the incorrect helping
verb in the wh-question. The helping verb they use is supposed to be appropriate with simple future tense, they have to use “will” as helping verb.
The misordering of helping verb is made because the students are influenced with the sentence in declarative form.
Table 4.13 The Frequency of Error in Using Question Word in WH-Question
Types of Error
Sentences of Error Sample of
Error Reconstruction
Archi- form of
Question Word
A21. Who is your teacher talking with?
Who your teacher talking with?
Who is the teacher talking with?
Who your teacher that you talking
with? 3, 6, 9, 17,
30, 33 27, 31
7, 18, 21, 29 10, 33, 35
A11. Whom is your teacher talking
with?
A41 Who will you invite to your birthday
party?
Who will you invite your party
Who will your invite your birthday
party 6, 8, 10, 17,
18, 19, 23, 24, 28, 29,
30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 37
7 27
A41 Whom will you invite to your
birthday party?
A41 Who will you play football with?
Who will play football with you?
7 8
A41 Whom will you play football with?
B11 Whose is the author of The Lord of The
Ring? 27
B11 Who is the author of The Lord of The
Ring? A22. Who is studying
with you? 3, 6, 7, 9, 10,
17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 28,
30, 33, A12 Whom are you
studying with?
Types of Error
Sentences of Error Sample of
Error Reconstruction
Archi- form of
Question Word
A22. Who is study with you?
Whose studying with you?
29 18, 24, 27,
37 A12 Whom are you
studying with?
A82 Who did present you buy yesterday?
3,6 A82 Whom present did
you buy yesterday? A92 Who did you call
last night?
Who are you calling last night?
3, 8, 18, 19, 21, 24, 25,
27, 37 6, 7
A92 Whom did you call last night?
B12 Whom the architect of Statue of
Liberty?
Whom is the architect of Statue
of Liberty? Whom is the
architect of Statue of Liberty?
9 23, 28, 33
25 B12 Who is the
architect of Statue of Liberty?
B92 Who is the reporter interview with?
Whose is the reporter
interviewing? Whose the reporter
interviewing? 9
24 29, 31, 33,
35 B92 Whom is the
reporter interviewing?
Based on the table 4.13 above, there are 79 errors are made by 22 students or 59.5 of the total students who made error in using question word for asking
about people. They used the incorrect form of question word: who, whom, and whose, in making wh-questions.
C. Data Interpretation
1. Types of Error
Based on the previous explanation in data description and data analysis, the second year students of SMP Islam AL-Syukro Universal have made
different types of error in making wh-questions. Since each student has a different understanding about the tenses which they have learnt, therefore the
students made different types in each tenses. Below are the types of error made by the students in making wh-questions in simple present tense, present
continues tense, simple past tense and simple future tense: a.
Omission The students made 22 omissions of helping verb or 59.5 of the total
errors in simple present tense and they made by 7 students or 18.9 of the total students. There are 11 omissions of helping verb or 26.2 of the
total errors in present continues tense and they made by 3 students or 8.1 of the total students. And there are 27 omission of helping verb or
28.7 of the total errors in simple past tense and they made by 7 students or 18.9 of the total students.
b. Archi-form
The students made 15 archi-forms of helping verbs or 40.5 of the total errors in simple present tense which made by 5 students or 13.5 of the
total students, there are 23 archi-forms of helping verbs or 54.8 of the total errors in present continues tense which made by 7 students or 18.9
of the total students , there are 14 archi-forms of helping verbs or 14,9 of the total errors in simple past tense which made by 5 students or 13.5
of the total students, and there is also 3 archi-form of helping verb or 18.7 of the total errors in simple future tense which made by 1 students
or 2.7 of the total students. Meanwhile there are 8 archi-forms of verb or 19 of the total errors in
present continues tense which made by 3 students or 8.1 of the total students, and there are 44 archi-forms of verb or 46.8 of the total errors
in simple past tense which made by 13 students or 35.1 of the total students.
The archiform of questions are made 79 times by 22 students or 59.5 of the total students. This error are made in the four tenses are tested to the
students. c.
Misordering The students made 9 misorderings of helping verb or 9.6 of the total
errors in simple past tense which made by 3 students or 8.1 of the total students, and there are 13 misorderings of helping verb or 81.3 of the
total errors in simple future tense which made by 4 students or 10.8 of the total students.
Referring to the types of error above, the types of errors that the students committed most is archi form of question word, and the least types of errors
that the students committed is in misordering of helping verb.
2. Causes of Error
Based the types of error which students made in making wh-questions, it can be inferred that the causes of error are as follows:
a. Interlingual Transfer
Interlingual transfer is the influence of the native language in learning second language. It can be seen by the omission of the helping verb which
made by the students. For example: Student 27: Sentence error
: What color your bag?
Reconstruction : What color is your bag?
Student 36: Sentence error : Where you studying?
Reconstruction : Where are you studying?
Student 30: Sentence error : Whose party you come yesterday?
Reconstruction : Whose parti did you come yesterday?
The helping verb might be omitted because there is no auxiliary which stands as helping in wh-question in Bahasa. When students made wh-
questions in English, the structure of their native language is applied. The interlingual transfer is also caused the error in using question word,
especially question words for asking about people. For example: Student 23: Sentence error
: Whom is the architect of Statue of Liberty?
Reconstruction : Who is the architect of Statue of Liberty?
Student 8 : Sentence error : Who will you invite to your birthday party?
Reconstruction : Whom will you invite to your birthday
party? Student 24: Sentence error
: Whose is the reporter interviewing? Reconstruction
: Whom is the reporter interviewing?
Since in Bahasa the question word for asking about people is only one; siapa, the students are confused to determine whether they have to use
question words; who, whom or whose.
b. Intralingual Transfer
Intralingual transfer is the imperfectness in learning second language and causes overgeneralization. It can be seen by the three errors that the
students made in making wh-question: The first is the archi-form of the helping verbs. When the students
learn about the presence of auxiliary in English sentence, they try to apply it without knowing the appropriate auxiliary should be used as helping
verb in wh-question. In these cases, the students didn’t know if they should
use “is” or “are” as helping verb in wh-question in present continues tense, “did” as helping verb in simple past tense, and “will” as the helping verb
in simple future tense. For example: Student 7: Sentence error
: Where is your Grandpa and Grandma live?
Reconstruction : Where do your Grandpa and Grandma
live?
