Mistakes and Error Error Analysis

2 Regularization: the presence of a marker that typically added to a linguistic item, to exceptional linguistic items that do not take a marker. For example: Verb : put putted Noun : sheep sheeps 3 Simple addition: the presence of linguistic item other than in a double marking or regularization. For example: Right here In right here c. Misformation, characterized by the use of the incorrect form of morpheme or structure. There are three types of misformation: regularization, archi- forms, and alternating forms 1 Regularization: are those in which an irregular marker is placed by a regular one, as in singed for sang or mouses for mice. 2 Archi-forms: the use of one member of a class of forms to represent others in the class. For example: I went to the library yesterday My friend gave I some books. 3 Alternating forms: the use of various member of a class with each other, it is caused by the development of the learner’s vocabulary and grammar. For example: Linda lost his purse. Linda lost her purse. d. Misordering, characterized by a morpheme or group of morphemes which are incorrectly placed in an utterance. 6 For example: Who is your teacher English? Who is your English teacher? 6 Ibid., pp. 154-162. According to James, as citated by Sakoda, errors are categorized into omission, over-inclusion, miselection, misorder, and blend: a. Omission, where some element of a word is omitted which should be present. b. Over Inclusion, where some element is present which should not be there. c. Miselection, where the wrong item has been chosen in place of the right one. d. Misorder, where the elements presented are correct but wrongly sequenced e. Blend, where there is not just one well defined target, but two. 7 Based on The classifications above, it can be inferred that errors can be classified into error of omission for the absence of some item, error of addition for some item that should not be there, Misformation for form of morpheme or structure that are wrongly used, Miselection for some item that wrongly selected, Misordering for the elements of utterance that are incorrectly sequenced, and blends for using two forms because of uncertainty in deciding which one is required.

3. Source of Error

According to Cowan there are four causes of grammatical errors, they are: a. Performance error: an error made by language learner indicate a process in the act of speaking or writing, and not because the learner ignores the grammatical rules. b. Imperfect learning: it means that a rule or the restriction that apply to that rule has not internalized by the learner. c. Overgeneralization: it occurs when a grammar rule is applied to forms that do not take it. d. Influence of the native language: it occurs when language learners produce language from transferring of grammar rules from their native language. 8 7 James, op. cit., pp 41-54. 8 Ron Cowan, The Teacher’s Grammar of English: a Course Book and reference Guide, New York; Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. 42-45.