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11 in the same way
likewise similarly
just as while
both...and neither...nor
CAUSE CONDITION for this reason
therefore because of this
thus hence
as a result consequently
that being so in that case
otherwise because
since so
so that in order that
if...then if + neg verb
EXEMPLIFICATION RESTATEMENT
for instance to illustrate this
for example in other words
that is to put it another way
to sum up in brief
to clarify
TIME PLACE then
afterwards previously
up till now first
secondly thirdly
next finally
at thisthat point whenonce
after before
where
herethere
Source: http:sydney.edu.aulearningcentreclearer_writingmodule4logical_relationslogical_relations_intro.ht
ml retrived 5 January 2016
DISCUSSION 2 : CORE MODAL VERBS IN MODALITY
Modality is about a speaker’s or a writer’s attitude towards the world. A speaker or writer can express certainty, possibility, willingness, obligation, necessity and ability
by using modal words and expressions. Core modal verbs: can, could, may, might, will, shall, would, should, must
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Modul Guru Pembelajar Bahasa Inggris Kelompok Kompetensi Profesional J
1. Can
We use “can” to show: a. Permission
Example: • Can I take Daisy for a walk?
• Students can use calculators during the exam. • We use can’t to forbid say what you must not do:
• You can’t park there. • You can’t just take the day off work. You have to have
permission in advance. b. Ability
We often use can to talk about ability to do something in the present or future:.
• I can sing one song in Polish. • Can you sleep on your back?
• We can go swimming after school tomorrow, if you like.
We often use can with verbs of perception such as hear, see, smell, taste, and mental process verbs such as guess, imagine, picture,
understand and follow in the sense of ‘understand’: • I can hear you.
• I can see her coming down the road now. • Can you smell something burning?
• I can guess why you’re angry. • We can’t follow these instructions for installing this new
DVD player. We can’t understand these instructions. c. General
truth We use can to talk about things which we think are usually, but not
always, true: •
Reducing cholesterol through diet can be difficult. It’s not
always difficult for everyone, but in general it is difficult. •
Fireworks can frighten pets.
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13 •
Swans can be very vicious.
We don’t normally use could to talk about what we believe to be true in the present.
Compare: Exercise
can help reduce
stress. I believe this is a general truth or fact.
Exercise could help reduce
stress. I see this only as a possibility.
Finding a hotel in August can be
difficult. I believe this is a general truth or fact based on
my experience or knowledge.
Finding a hotel in August could
be difficult. I see this only as a possibility.
d. Possibility We use can to express possibility or to question possibilities, for
example: • We can go to Rome in June because both of us have a week
off work. It is possible for us to go to Rome because we don’t have to work in June.
• Well, how can you be on a diet if you buy so much chocolate? I don’t think it’s possible that you are on a diet because you
still buy lots of chocolate. e. Guessing and Predicting
When we want to guess or predict something, we use can’t as the negative form of must. We use can’t have + -ed form as the negative
form of must have + -ed. Can’t and can’t have + -ed form express strong possibility.
