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told by word of mouth. Now, the tale is told not only through word of mouth but has been told through the writings and collected into a book. This thesis uses the
folklores of Cerita Rakyat Minangkabau as the main object of the study because this book tells interesting story that has many advice and told in Minangkabau language,
so by analyzing these stories, we can know the morphological process, especially the type reduplication in Minangkabau language.
1.2.Problem of the Study
Based on the title above, the writer focused the study on the following problems:
1. What are the types of reduplication in Cerita Rakyat Minangkabau?
2. How the process of morphemic reduplication in Cerita Rakyat
Minangkabau? 3.
What is the dominant type of morphemic reduplication in Cerita Rakyat Minangkabau?
1.3 Objective of The Study
Dealing with the analysis of morphemic reduplications found in folklores in Minangkabau language, the objective of the study are:
1. to find out the type of reduplication in Cerita Rakyat Minangkabau.
2. to describe the process of morphemic reduplication in Cerita Rakyat
Minangkabau. 3.
to find out the most dominant type of the morphemic reduplication which found in Cerita Rakyat Minangkabau.
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1.4 Scope of The Study
In research, it is important to limit the analysis on specific data that has been chosen, and to avoid over complicating the issues and the analysis.
This study describes the research of category and type of reduplication in Minangkabau language based on Simatupang’s book entitled “Reduplikasi morfemis
bahasa Indonesia. While the object of this study is collection of folklores in Minangkabau language, Cerita Rakyat Minangkabau by Edwar Djamaris.
1.5 Significance study
Theoretically, this study has purpose to enrich the study that concern with reduplication morphemic process and to understand the type of reduplication in
Minangkabau language. Practically, it will be a reference for the next researcher in analyzing reduplication morphemic process, especially in Minangkabau language.
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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Morphology
In every language, words play an important grammatical role, in that they are built out of smaller elements by certain patterns, but are put together into sentences
by rather different patterns. Actually, morphology is a sub discipline of linguistics which studies word and concerns with the study and analysis of structure, forms, and
classes of word. There are many definitions of morphology that we can find in linguistics
form. Each of them has different explanation, but the distinction is not in its meaning, the linguist has the same sense in describing morphology. To clarify about
morphology, the writer would mention some linguist idea about it. Katamba 1993:3 says, “Morphology is the study of internal structure
words”, while Nida 1967:1 says, “Morphology is the study of morphemes and their arrangements in forming word”. Also Bloomfield 1933:207 mentions that by the
morphology of a language, we mean the construction in which bound forms appear among the construction, by definition, the resultant for more either bound forms but
never phrases. From some definitions that is stated above, the writers can say that
morphology is linguistics field that is learning of word structures grammatically. Word and morpheme are important units in studying of morphology. Despite, the
popular notion that the word is the smallest meaningful unit, the smallest unit with meaning is actually the morpheme. A morpheme is the minimal linguistics unit
which has a meaning or grammatical function. In other words, many words are themselves morphemes, they could not be broken down into smaller units that in
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themselves carry meaning. So we can conclude that morphology is the study of the morphemes and their arrangement in forming words.
2.1.1 Morphemes
Morphology emphasizes to morpheme, a morpheme is the smallest part of a
word that has the grammatical function or meaning, not the smallest unit of meaning.
These are some opinions of linguists about the definitions of morpheme, Robins 1964:201 says, “Morpheme is the minimal grammatical units”. While, Hockett
1958:123 says, “Morphemes are the smallest individually meaningful elements in
the utterances of language”. Bloomfield 1993:161, says “Morpheme is a linguist
form which bears no partial phonetic semantic resemblance to any other form is a
simple form of morpheme”.
Making it more understand, we can learn this illustration above by examine the following English word. Writers is made up of three morphemes. They are
{write} + {er} + {s}. Each of the morphemes has a meaning: {write} = verb form however it might be representing semantically; {er} = the person who carries out
the action of the verb used to form noun; and {s} = a plural marker on noun. If they are made up together, they mean like ‘more than one person who write’. Writers
consist of seven phonemes: w, r, i, t, e, r, s. Morpheme can be classified into 2 dimensions, they are: Bound and Free
Morpheme.
a Bound Morpheme
A morpheme may also be called a dependent form and it has no lexical meaning. Bound morpheme is a morpheme that could not stand alone. It must be
attached to the base form. A bound morpheme is a grammatical unit that never
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occurs by itself, but it always attached to some other morpheme and could not be found in the dictionary.
If bound morpheme is attached to the free morpheme, it will have meaning that creates the addition meaning for the morpheme itself. Here are the examples:
1. dis- in dislike 2. -ness in happiness
3. pan- in pancilok b Free Morpheme
Free morpheme is a morpheme that can stand alone, it could not be broken down into smallest meaningful. A morpheme can also be called an
independent form and it has lexical meaning and the meaning can be found in dictionary. For example: coffee, cup and moon. The meaning of free morpheme
can be found in dictionary.
2.1.2 Word
Words are usually the easiest unit to identify in the written language. Words consist of two kinds: those which have meaning in themselves and those whose
function is to express the relationship of other words to one another. The first group is “full words” and the second is “form words”. Most nouns and adjective belong to
the first group and most prepositions and conjunction belong to the second group. Words are not the smallest unit of meaning. Many words are made of smaller
units of meaning, and these units are combined in particular way, forming words. At the basic level, word is stated by morpheme, not all words have more than one
morpheme. Words that have only one morpheme are also called monomorphemic
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words, e.g. cat, sit, bird, etc. Words with more than one morpheme are called polymorphemic words. They can be broken down into smaller units that are
meaningful, e.g. Arabian Arab + ian for instance, where Arab refers to a kind of state and it is kind of noun or adjective in the class of word. While –ian serves the
grammatical function that used to form a noun and adjective and this piece could not stand by itself, and independence is one of the criteria for calling element of word.
2.2 Morphological Process
Morphological process is a word formation by combining one morpheme with another morpheme or a word formation by making a modification to its base
form affixes. Samsuri 1981:177 says, “Proses morfologis adalah cara pembentukan kata-kata dengan menghubungkan morfem yang satu dengan morfem
yang lainnya”. Morphological process is the way of forming the words by relating one morpheme to other morpheme.
Here are some kinds of morphological process, those are: Affixation, Reduplication, Suppletion, Modification, and Compounding.
2.2.1 Affixation
Affixation is the one of the most general process in every language. Words formed by the combination of bound affixes and free morphemes are the result of the
process of affixation. Chaer 1994:177 says, “Afiksasi adalah proses pembubuhan afiks pada sebuah dasar atau bentuk dasar. Afiks adalah sebuah bentuk, biasanya
berupa morfem terikat, yang diimbuhkan pada sebuah dasar dalam proses pembentukan kata.”
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Affixation is the process of placing affix to a base or base form. Affix is a form, usually in the form of bound morpheme, which attached to a base in the process of
forming words. According to their position in the word or side of the word they are attached
to, affixes are classified into prefixes, infixes and suffixes.
2.2.1.1 Prefix
Prefix is bound morpheme that is added to the beginning of the word. For examples:
1. un + noticed unnoticed
2. a + moral amoral
3. pan + cilok pancilok
2.2.1.2 Infix
Infix is bound morpheme that is inserted within the words. There is no infix in English, but we can find it in Indonesia, Minangkabau language and Tagaloc.
Examples: 1.-al- + tunjuk talunjuk
2.-am- +puncak pamuncak
2.2.1.3 Suffix
Suffix is bound morpheme which is attached to the end of the word. Examples: 1.
notice + -able noticeable 2.
care + -less careless 3.
short +-en shorten
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2.2.2 Reduplication
Reduplication is a process of forming new words either by doubling an entire free morpheme total reduplication or part of it partial reduplication. Reduplication
consists in the repetition of all or of part of a root or stem to form new words. These are some definitions of reduplication:
1. Proses pengulangan atau reduplikasi ialah pengulangan satuan gramatik,
baik seluruhnya maupun sebagiannya, baik dengan variasi fonem maupun tidak. Ramlan, 1985:57
Process of repetitions is repeated the grammatical unit, in whole or in part, either with variations finem or not. Ramlan, 1985:57
2. Proses reduplikasi yaitu pengulangan suatu gramatikal, baik seluruhnya
maupun sebagiannya, baik dengan variasi fonem maupun tidak. Hasil pengulangan disebut kata ulang, satuan yang diulang merupakan kata dasar.
Solichi, 1996:9 Process of reduplication is a grammatical reduplication, in whole or in part,
either with variations of phonemes or not. The results of repetition is called re-word, the repeated unit is a basic word. Solichi, 1996:9
Reduplication is not a new problem in Linguistics, this study has been discussed by linguists, such as Simatupang 1983, Kridalaksana 1989, and Keraf
1991. Simatupang 1983, in his book has discussed about morphologically reduplication and semantically reduplication. He divides reduplication into 18 types.
Morphemic reduplication can be classified into derivational reduplication and reduplication paradigmatic based on the type of words and the resulting words. To
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determine the meaning of reduplication of bound context, sometimes, some of reduplication can be immediately known and sometimes it depends on the context.
According to Verhaar 1982 reduplication can be classified into monomorphemic and polymorphemic, for examples: berhenti-berhenti ‘stop’,
unggas-unggas ‘bird’ and it is called full reduplication. Reduplication can be also followed by changing in vowel, consonant or consonant vowel,for examples: sayur-
mayur ‘vegetables’, carut-marut ‘obscene’. If only a part of the root or stem is repeated, the process is called partial reduplication, for examples: pepohonan ‘trees’,
lelaki ‘man’. There are several meaning that is contained by reduplication, such as: a.
reciprocity: tolong-menolong ‘help each other’ imbau-mengimbau ‘remind each other’, b. intensity bersusah-susah ‘full of painful’, reduplication berderai-derai
‘loose’, and some other meaning . Simatupang 1983 has discussed the form of reduplication, including
derivational reduplication and the meaning of free context reduplication and bound context reduplication. He also divides reduplication into 18 types. In addition,
Simatupang also discusses the derivational reduplication, It kinds of morphemic process in reduplication, and it can change the category of word.
Based on Simatupang’s book, reduplication can be divided into 18 types, they are:
2.2.2.1 Type 1 Basic Form BF + Reduplication R
Reduplication in this type repeats monomorphemic and polymorphemic basic form. It is type of full reduplication.
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a.
Noun + R-1
In general, each noun can be followed by Reduplication type 1 but it depends on meaning of reduplication and semantic characteristics. It usually indicates plural
noun or quantity intensity. Examples: 1. rumah-rumah ‘houses’
2. dosen-dosen ‘lectures’ 3. anak-anak ‘children’
b. Adjective + R-1
Reduplication type 1 is productive with adjectives. The meaning that can be related with R-1 + Adjective is “intensive”.
Examples: 1. baik-baik ‘fine’ 2. murah-murah ‘cheap’
c. Verb + R-1
Generally, verb can be followed by R-1 only monomorphemic verb. Examples: 1. makan-makan ‘eat’
2.tidur-tidur ‘sleep’ But in certain context R-1 also can be followed by polymorphemic.
Examples: 1. berhenti-berhenti ‘stop’
d. Adverb + R-1
Reduplication type 1 is productive with adverb. Examples: 1. kiro-kiro ‘about’
2.kadang-kadang ‘sometime’
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e. Pronoun + R-1
Pronouns can be divide into personal pronouns: saya ‘I’, kamu ‘you’, dia ‘shehe’,mereka ‘they’, kami ‘we’ and demonstrative pronouns: ini ‘this’, itu ‘that’.
f. Question Words + R-1
Reduplication type 1 is productive with question word. Examples: 1. kapan-kapan ‘when ever’
g. Numeral + R-1
Reduplication type 1 is productive with numeral words, numeral can be divede into 3 kinds, they are:
i Cardinal Number: satu-satu ‘one and one’ dua-dua ‘two and two’
ii Fraction: seperempat-seperempat ‘a quarter by a quarter’
iii Numeral Classifier: se+ ekor seekor-seekor ‘aan’
2.2.2.2 Type 2 Basic Form + Reduplication that followed by changing in
vowel, consonant or consonant vowel.
In type 2, the basic repetition of basic form is followed by changing of phonemes. It can be changed only a vocal, only a consonant or both consonant and
vocal. Examples: 1. sayur-mayur ‘vegetables’
2. carut-marut ‘obscene’ 3.
hiruk-pikuk ‘crowded’
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2.2.2.3 Type 3 Basic Form + Reduplication + ber-
a.
Verb in Reduplication type 3
Generally, reduplication in this type consists of a verb that indicates action action verbs , according to Chafe 1973 or commonly it is called intransitive
verbs and the meanings that can be concerned to R - 3 is iterative continues and doing something without purpose.
Example: 1. berjalan-jalan.
b. Noun in Reduplication type 3
i Nouns that indicate Measurement
Examples: 1. berkarung-karung ‘many sacks’ 2. bergelas-gelas ‘many glasses’
3. berlembar-lembar ‘many sheets’ ii
Nouns that indicate time Examples: 1. berhari-hari ‘many days’
2. berminggu-minggu ‘many weeks’ 3. berbulan-bulan ‘many months’
iii Nouns that indicate numeral
Examples: 1.berhelai-helai ‘many sheets’ 2. berpintu-pintu ‘many doors’
iv The other type of nouns
Examples: 1. berawa-rawa ‘swamps’ 2. bergunung-gunung ‘mountains’
3. berjenis-jenis ‘kinds’
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c. Adjectives in Reduplication type 3
In this type, adjectives usually indicate human behavior. We seldom find adjective in reduplication type 3.
Examples: 1. bermalas-malasan ‘lazy’ 2. bersakit-sakit ‘pain’
3. bersusah-susah ‘difficult’
2.2.2.4 Type 4 Basic Form + Reduplication + ber-…_an
Reduplication in this type usually indicates reciprocal meaning. Examples: 1.bersalam-salaman ‘shake hand each other’
2. bersebalah-sebalahan ‘’ 3. berjauh-jauhan ‘’
The examples above indicate actions that act repeatedly.
2.2.2.5 Type 5 Basic Form Reduplication + ber-
a. Noun + R-5
Noun in reduplication type 5 indicates special characteristics. It means the relation of the first noun is same with the second noun.
Examples: 1.anak-beranak ‘’ 2. kakak-beradik ‘sisterhood’
b. Verb + R-5
Verb in reduplication type 5 has reciprocal meaning. Examples: 1. lama-berkalamaan ‘for a long time’
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2.2.2.6 Type 6 Basic Form + Reduplication + meN-
There are several meanings that can be related with reduplication type 6.
i Iterative and continuously
Examples: 1. melompat-lompat ‘jump’ 2.meminta-minta ‘ask’
3. memuji-muji ‘appreciate” ii
Doing something without real purpose: Examples: 1. melihat-lihat ‘see’
2.membaca-baca ‘read’
2.2.2.7 Type 7 Basic Form + Reduplication + meN-
Generally, reduplication type 7 can be followed by verb that has reciprocal meaning or action that has concerned with basic form.
Examples: 1. pukul-memukul ‘beat each other’ 2. kait-mengait ‘hook each other’
3. tolong-menolong ‘help each other’
2.2.2.8 Type 8 Basic Form + Reduplication + meN-…-i
Reduplication type 8 can be imposed to the verb in reduplication type 7 with reciprocal meaning. Reduplication type 8 has reciprocal meaning.
Examples: 1. hormat-menghormati ‘respect each other’ 2. cinta-mencintai ‘love each other’
3. kasih-mengasihi ‘love each other’
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2.2.2.9 Type 9 Basic Form + Reduplication + meN-…-kan
Reduplication type 9 can be followed by verb, adjective and noun. a.
Verb + R-9, examples: 1. gerak
menggerak-gerakkan ‘move’ 2. lambai
melambai-lambaikan wave’ 3. ayun
mengayun-ayunkan ‘swing’
b. Adjective + R-9, examples:
1. besar membesar-besarkan ‘exaggerete’
2. kecil mengecil-kecilkan ‘minimize’
c. Noun + R-9, examples:
1. dewa mendewa-dewakan ‘idolize’
2. kabar mengabar-ngabarkan ‘inform’
2.2.2.10 Type 10 Basic Form + Reduplication + meN-…-i
The basic form that used to form reduplication type 9 are verb, adjective and noun. The process of reduplication type 9 produce verb that has iterative meaning.
a. Verb + R-10, examples:
1. halang menghalang-halangi ‘block’
2. tutup menutup-nutupi ‘cover up’
b. Adjective+ R-10, examples:
1. takut menakut-nakuti ‘scare’
2. sakit menyakit-nyakiti ‘hurt’
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c. Noun + R-10, examples:
1. buntut membuntut-buntuti ‘follow’
2. guru mengguru-gurui ‘teach’
2.2.2.11 Type 11 Basic Form + Reduplication + se-
Reduplication type 11 can be formed by using adjective and some of nouns and.
a. Adjective + R-11
The meaning of adjective in reduplication type 9 is superlative concessive and the repetition usually is added with suffix –nya.
Examples: 1. setinggi-tingginya ‘the highest’ 2. sekuat-kuatnya ‘the strongest’
3. sejauh-jauhnya ‘the most far away’ b.
Noun + R-11 Some of noun that can be used in reduplication type 11 is proper noun and the
repetition is added by suffix -nya. Examples: 1. sejawa-jawanya ‘java’
2. sepadang-padangnya ‘minangnese’
2.2.2.12 Type 12 Basic Form + Reduplication + ke-+ nya
Reduplication type 12 can be formed only with small number, except ‘satu’. And this repetition is added by suffix ‘nya’
Examples: 1. ketiga-tiganya ‘the three’ 2. kelima-limanya ‘the five’
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2.2.2.13 Type 13 Basic Form +Reduplication + ke-…-an
Reduplication type 13 can be formed by using adjective and noun as basic form and it produces adjective.
a. Adjective + R-13
Adjective that can be used in this type is only the adjective that has no antonym, such as ‘colour’.
Examples: 1. kemerah-merahan ‘reddish’ 2. kekuning-kuningan ‘yellowish’
3. kebiru-biruan ‘bluish’
b. Noun + R-13
Examples: 1. ibu keibu-ibuan ‘motherhood’
2.anak kekanak-kanakan ‘childish’
2.2.2.14 Type 14 Basic Form + Reduplication + -an
Reduplication type 13 can be formed by using noun, adjective and verb. a.
Noun + R-14 i. Indicate similarity
Examples: 1. rumah-rumahan ‘looks like house kind of toy’ 2. kucing-kucingan ‘hide and seek’
3. angin-anginan ‘usually’
ii. Indicate collection of basic form Examples: 1. biji-bijian ‘seeds’
2. batu-batuan ‘cliifs’
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b. Adjective + R-14
Examples: 1. besar-besaran ‘greatly’ 2. terang-terangan “clearly”
3. gila-gilaan ‘madly’
c. Verb + R-14
Examples: 1. mati-matian ‘dying’ 2. habis-habisan ‘run out of’
3. hancur-hancuran ‘destroy’
2.2.2.15 Type 15 Basic Form + Reduplication + -em-
In this type, reduplication gets affixation, it is infix. Infix is bound morpheme that is inserted within the words.
a. Adjective + R-15
Reduplication type 15 can be formed by using adjective. The meaning of adjective in reduplication type 15 is ‘intensive’.
Examples: 1. cerlang-cemerlang ‘genius’ 2. kilau-kemilau ‘shine’
3. gilang-gemilang ‘briliant’ 4. teram-temaram ‘shining’
b.Verb + R-15 Reduplication type 15 can be formed by using verb. The meaning of verb in
reduplication type 15 is iterative continues. Examples: 1.turun-temurun ‘hereditary’
2. gulung-gemulung ‘role up’
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c. Noun + R-15
Reduplication type 15can be formed by using noun. The meaning of noun in redplication indicates plural form.
Examples: 1. jari-jemari ‘fingers’ 2. tali-temali ‘hook’
2.2.2.16 Type 16 Basic Form + Partial Reduplication
a. Noun + R-16
Reduplication type 16 can be formed by using noun as basic form. Examples: 1. tangga
tetangga ‘neighbor’ 2. laki
lelaki ‘man” 3. tamu
tetamu ‘guest’ b.
Adjective + R-16 Adjective in reduplication type 16 will produce noun.
Examples: 1. luhur adj leluhur noun ‘ancestor’ 2.sepuh adj sesepuh noun ‘eldest’
c. R-16 with using the other word
Examples: 1. berapa beberapa ‘someany’
3. suatu sesuatu ‘something’
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2.2.2.17 Semantics Reduplication
Semantics reduplication is kind of reduplication by combining two forms of synonym words.
a. Free morpheme + Free morpheme
Examples: 1. cerdik-pandai ‘smart’ 2. arif-bijaksana ‘wise’
3. tutur-kata ‘words’ 4. semak-belukar ‘bush’
b. Free morpheme + Bound morpheme
Examples: 1. segar-bugar ‘fresh’ 2. tumpah-ruah ‘’
3. gembira-ria ‘happy’ 4. suka-ria ‘glory’
c. Bound morpheme + Bound morpheme
Examples: 1. tumpang-tindih ‘abundent’ 2. sangkut-paut ‘relate’
3. uji-coba ‘try out’ 4. campur-baur ‘mix up’
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2.2.2.18 The Other Type of Reduplication
This is the type of reduplication that has limitation of word. Examples: 1. lama-kalamaan ‘long and long’
2. sebab-musabab ‘reason’ 3. asal-muasal ‘origin’
4. adat-istiadat ‘customs and manners’ 5. alim-ulama ‘religious scholar’
6. asal-usul ‘origin’
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2.3 Relevance Study
In supporting the ideas of this analysis, some relevant books and thesis have been collected to support the topic. All these books have given a large contribution in
writing this thesis. Some definitions, opinions, and findings from relevant books are quoted as follows:
• Simatupang 1983, in his book ‘Reduplikasi morfemis Bahasa Indonesia’ has discussed about morphologically reduplication and semantically
reduplication. He divides morphemic reduplication into eighteen types. • Soedjito 1995 says “Pengulangan adalah proses pembentukan kata dengan
mengulang bentuk dasar, baik secara utuh maupun sebagian, baik dengan variasi fonem maupun tidak”. Repetition is the process of forming words by
repeating basic form, in whole or in part, either with variations phoneme or not. • Ramlan 2001: 63 says “reduplikasi adalah pengulangan satuan gramatikal,
baik seluruhnya maupun sebagian, baik dengan variasi fonem maupun tidak. Hasil pengulangan disebut kata ulang, sedangkan satuan yang diulang
merupakan bentuk dasar.” Reduplication is the repetition of the unit of grammatical, either in whole or in part, either with variations of phonemes or not.
The result of repetition is called re-word, while the repeated unit is the basic form.
• Khaira 2011 in her paper ‘Reduplikasi Morfemis Bahasa Minang’ concludes that repetition in Minangkabau languge has the same type with reduplication that
has discussed by Simatupang’s book.
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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Method
