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b. Adjective
Reduplication type 1 is productive with adjectives. The meaning that
indicated by R-1 + Adjective is “intensive”.
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Repetition Meaning
Analysis
lakeh-lakeh fast
indicates situation baiak-baiak
well indicates situation
buruak-buruak bad
indicates situation capek-capek
tired indicates situation
elok-elok beautiful
indicates situation tajam-tajam
sharp indicates situation
latiak-latiak curve
indicates situation labiah-labiah
more indicates situation
banyak-banyak many
indicates situation lamak-lamak
fat indicates situation
rancak-rancak nice
indicates situation murah-murah
cheap indicates situation
samo-samo together
indicates situation sio-sio
useless indicates situation
cacek-cacek flawed
indicates situation kenyang-kenyang
full indicates situation
lambek-lambek smooth
indicates situation nyariang-nyariang
loud indicates situation
payah-payah difficult
indicates situation tuo-tuo
old indicates situation
rusuah-rusuah anxious
indicates situation galak-galak
fierce indicates situation
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All the repetition of adjectives in reduplication type 1 indicate situation, how situation it is, we can see from some sentences as the examples.
Examples: 1
Ditarikno pakaian-pakaian nan rancak-rancak. ‘She pulls the beautiful dresses’
We know that the function of adjective gives the explanation of noun that followed. Repetition rancak-rancak is adjective that is explained pakaian-
pakaian. Clearly, that rancak-rancak indicates the situation of pakaian-pakaian. 2
Awak den mencari pakaian nan elok dipakai, nan murah-murah sajo. ‘I want to buy the dress that beautiful to put on, but the cheap one.’
The repetition murah-murah adjective indicate how situation of pakaian. From the examples above, clearly how adjective in reduplication type 1 is
used in a sentence in Minangkabau language.
c. Verb
Generally, verb can be followed by R-1 only monomorphemic. But in certain context R-1 also can be followed by polymorphemic.
i. Monomorphemic. Repetition
Meaning Analysis
cubo-cubo try
indicates action lari-lari
jog indicates action
habih-habih endless
indicates action kalua-kalua
go out indicates action
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ii. Polymorphemic Repetition
Meaning Analysis
salangkah-salangkah step by step
indicates action mendahului-mendahului
precede indicates action
Verb in reduplication type 1 indicates actions. In Minangkabau language we can find the repetition that is formed by verb. It can be seen clearly from the
examples below. Examples:
1 Jadi, to cubo-cubo molah, antah dopek antah indo.
‘Okay, I will try whether it can or not.’
The repetition in that sentence is formed by doubling the verb cubo cubo-cubo that indicate action that doing by subject.
2 Baru tampak gajah nan banyak kawannyo, lari-lari pulo semuanyo.
‘When the elephant looks at it friends, they run.’
The repetition in that sentence is formed by doubling the verb lari lari-lari
that indicates action that is doing by subject, gajah elephant. The examples above have explained how the repetition of verb in
reduplication type 1 is used in sentence.
Actually, there are so many verbs in Minangkabau language that can form reduplication type 1. The other examples such as:
beko-beko ‘going home’ pai-pai ‘go’
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marambek-marambek ‘spread’ duduak-duduak ‘sit’
d. Adverb