Kind of Shifts Shifts

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2.3.1 Kind of Shifts

1. Level Shifts As Catford 1965 in Venuti 2000:141 as cited by Simanjuntak 2011: 13 states “Level shifts. By a shift of level we men that a SL item at one linguistics level has a TL translation equivalent at a different level”. It means that a grammatical unit in English, such as noun, affixes, etc, has a lexical unit in Bahasa Indonesia Machali 1998:14. The following are the examples of level shifts: 1. a Even Mary does not want to buy those there things. b Mary pun tidak mau membeli ketiga benda tersebut. 2. a Boni has sold his motorcycle, because he needs some money. b Boni sudah menjual sepeda motornya, karena dia butuh uang. In example 1, we can see that a unit morpheme in Bahasa Indonesia grammar ‘pun’ is translated into ‘even’ a lexis in English. And also in example 2, it can be seen that in English if ‘have’ comes together with past participle of ‘sell’. The form ‘have+ past participle’ in English is translated into ‘sudah’, a lexis in Bahasa Indonesia. 2. Category Shifts The second type of shifts is category shift. It is referred to unbounded and rank-bound translation. Unbounded translation means that translation equivalences may occur between sentences, clauses, groups, words and morphemes. While the term rank-bound translation only refer to those special cases where equivalence is limited to ranks below the sentence. www.nitropdf.com UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SIMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 28 2.1 Structure Shift Structure shift is about the changing of grammatical between the structure of the SL and the TL, because of the structure of the SL and TL is not correspondent. Example: The form of the noun phrase of SL is Modifier- head, while the form of the noun phrase of TL is Head- modifier. New car mobil baru Adj N N Adj 2.2 Class Shift Class shift is about when the translation equivalent of a SL item is a component of a different class in TL. Example: Medical student mahasiswa kedokteran Adj N N N 2.3 Unit Shift Unit shift is about a change of rank in which the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in the SL is a unit at a different rank in TL. Example: The lord tuhan P W 2.3.1 Word Shift Word shift is a part of unit shift, it is about the changes from word in the SL into another ranks in TL. www.nitropdf.com UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SIMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 29 Example: Stranger orang asing Adj P 2.4 Intra System Shift Intra system shift is the last shifts; intra system shift is about the shift which occurs along with the names of the types of shift affecting the other fundamental categories of grammar unit, structure and class. Example: A pair of shoes sepasang sepatu N plural N singular

2.3.2 Units of Ranks in English