Word Classes in English

30 b You have not yet said good bye or bought your ticket. independent clause c Because Josephine and Haile whispered and giggled during the lecture, Mr. McKenzie gave them extra homework. dependent clause 3. Group phrase Group phrase is a group of words without a finite verb, especially one that forms part of a sentence. Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary 2000:988 Example: There came a giant to my door 4. Word Word is a single a single unit of language which means something can be spoken or written. Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary 2000:988 Example: a Book b Zebra 5. Morpheme Morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning that a word can be divided into. Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary 2000:862

2.3.2 Word Classes in English

Kaplan 1989 in Simanjuntak 2011: 17 divides word classes into two groups: major and minor. The major classes include noun, verb, adjective, and adverb. The minor classes include pronoun, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. Therefore the discussion of word shifts will be focused on the major www.nitropdf.com UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SIMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 31 classes of word since the possibility to identify word shifts is larger than the minor classes of word. 1. Major Classes of Word The major classes of word include noun, verb, adjective, and adverb. Here is the description of the major classes of words: a. Noun A noun is a word used to name a person, place, thing, or idea. And can be classified as either common nouns or proper nouns and as either abstract nouns or concrete nouns. Foresman, 1997: 178 Example: 1 Sailor 2 Ocean 3 Bird 4 patience b. Verb In a sentence, a verb either expresses action or it links the subject to a word or words in the predicate. A verb that tells what action is taking place is called an action verb. It can show either physical or mental action. Foresman, 1997:202 Example: 1 live 2 see 3 forget 4 admire www.nitropdf.com UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SIMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 32 c. Adjective Adjective is a word used to add something to the meaning of a noun. Wren and Martin 1975:4 Example: 1 Unique 2 Beautiful 3 Pretty 4 Full d. Adverb Adverb is a word used to add something to the meaning of verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Wren and Martin, 1975:4 Example: 1 Quickly 2 Beautifully 3 Tomorrow 4 This morning 2. Minor Classes of Word The minor classes of word are pronoun, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. a. Pronoun Pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. The noun for which the pronoun is subtitled is called the antecedent of the pronoun. Pronouns eliminate the necessity of repeating the same noun, such as David, again www.nitropdf.com UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SIMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 33 and again. In the preceding example, David is the antecedent of the singular pronouns his and he. Foresman, 1997: 186 Example: 1 I 2 You 3 He 4 She b. Preposition A preposition is a word used to show the relationship of a noun or pronoun to some other word in the sentence. That noun or pronoun, which always comes after the preposition, is called the object of the preposition. The preposition, its object, and any words that modify the object make up the prepositional phrase. Foresman, 1997: 251 Example: 1 Above 2 Between 3 In 4 Over c. Conjunction The word junction means a joining. The purpose of conjunction is to join words or word groups in a sentence. Foresman, 1997: 255 Example: 1 And 2 But www.nitropdf.com UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SIMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 34 3 Both 4 Not only- but also d. Interjection Interjection is a word used to stand for a sound or to express emotions such as joy, pain, shock, excitement, approval, or displeasure. Some commonly used interjections are listed below: Ugh Ouch Phew Ah Oops Hey Shh Yuk Wow Oh Alas Bam Psst Eek Interjection may appear at the beginning or at the end of a sentence, or they may stand alone. They are generally followed by a comma or an exclamation mark. Foresman, 1997: 257 Example: 1 Ugh, my stomach. 2 Hey Don’t jump through the gate. www.nitropdf.com UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SIMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 35 CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH The discussion of this chapter covers research method, data collecting method and data analysis procedures.

3.1 Research Method