30 b You have not yet said good bye or bought your ticket. independent
clause c Because Josephine and Haile whispered and giggled during the lecture,
Mr. McKenzie gave them extra homework. dependent clause 3. Group phrase
Group phrase is a group of words without a finite verb, especially one that forms part of a sentence. Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary
2000:988 Example:
There came a giant to my door 4. Word
Word is a single a single unit of language which means something can be spoken or written. Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary 2000:988
Example: a Book
b Zebra 5. Morpheme
Morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning that a word can be divided into. Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary 2000:862
2.3.2 Word Classes in English
Kaplan 1989 in Simanjuntak 2011: 17 divides word classes into two groups: major and minor. The major classes include noun, verb, adjective, and
adverb. The minor classes include pronoun, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. Therefore the discussion of word shifts will be focused on the major
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31 classes of word since the possibility to identify word shifts is larger than the minor
classes of word. 1. Major Classes of Word
The major classes of word include noun, verb, adjective, and adverb. Here is the description of the major classes of words:
a. Noun A noun is a word used to name a person, place, thing, or idea. And
can be classified as either common nouns or proper nouns and as either abstract nouns or concrete nouns. Foresman, 1997: 178
Example: 1 Sailor
2 Ocean 3 Bird
4 patience
b. Verb In a sentence, a verb either expresses action or it links the subject to a
word or words in the predicate. A verb that tells what action is taking place is called an action verb. It can show either physical or mental
action. Foresman, 1997:202 Example:
1 live 2 see
3 forget 4 admire
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32 c. Adjective
Adjective is a word used to add something to the meaning of a noun. Wren and Martin 1975:4
Example: 1 Unique
2 Beautiful 3 Pretty
4 Full d. Adverb
Adverb is a word used to add something to the meaning of verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Wren and Martin, 1975:4
Example: 1 Quickly
2 Beautifully 3 Tomorrow
4 This morning 2. Minor Classes of Word
The minor classes of word are pronoun, preposition, conjunction, and interjection.
a. Pronoun Pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. The noun for which the
pronoun is subtitled is called the antecedent of the pronoun. Pronouns eliminate the necessity of repeating the same noun, such as David, again
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33 and again. In the preceding example, David is the antecedent of the
singular pronouns his and he. Foresman, 1997: 186 Example:
1 I 2 You
3 He 4 She
b. Preposition A preposition is a word used to show the relationship of a noun or
pronoun to some other word in the sentence. That noun or pronoun, which always comes after the preposition, is called the object of the preposition.
The preposition, its object, and any words that modify the object make up the prepositional phrase. Foresman, 1997: 251
Example: 1 Above
2 Between 3 In
4 Over c. Conjunction
The word junction means a joining. The purpose of conjunction is to join words or word groups in a sentence. Foresman, 1997: 255
Example: 1 And
2 But
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34 3 Both
4 Not only- but also d. Interjection
Interjection is a word used to stand for a sound or to express emotions such as joy, pain, shock, excitement, approval, or displeasure. Some
commonly used interjections are listed below: Ugh
Ouch Phew
Ah Oops
Hey Shh
Yuk Wow
Oh Alas
Bam Psst
Eek Interjection may appear at the beginning or at the end of a sentence, or
they may stand alone. They are generally followed by a comma or an exclamation mark. Foresman, 1997: 257
Example: 1 Ugh, my stomach.
2 Hey Don’t jump through the gate.
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35
CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH
The discussion of this chapter covers research method, data collecting method and data analysis procedures.
3.1 Research Method