Pragmatics Review of Related Theories

media discourses, political discourses, organizational discourses or dimensions of identity research have become very prominent ” 2003: 12. Based on his statement, it shows that certain prominent issues can be drawn by using CDA in scrutinizing a certain text. One of the prominent issues is gender. In CDA, Fairclough emphasizes that CDA is consolidated as a „three-dimensional‟ framework where the aim is to map three separate forms of analysis onto one another: analysis of spoken or written language texts, analysis of discourse practice processes of text production, distribution, and consumption and analysis of discursive events as instances of sociocultural practice 1995: 2. Based on Fairclough‟s idea, it means that CDA provides a three- dimensional framework that analyzes the texts in three separated forms of analysis, including the analysis of texts, discourse practice, and the discursive events. In elaborating CDA, Weiss also argues that CDA “cannot be viewed as a holistic or closed paradigm” 2003: 12. It means that “CDA has never been and has never attempted to be or provide one single or specific theory, and one specific methodology is not characteristic of research in CDA ” Weiss and Wodak, 2003: 12. In other words, it means that CDA needs another methodology, for CDA‟s objectives can be derived from various theoretical grounds and methodologies, for instance through metaphorical expressions, euphemism, keyword density analysis, or presupposition which is the one employed in this study. Wodak and Meyer convey that CDA is interested in “the study of ideologically biased discourse, and the ways these polarize the representation of PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI us ingroups and them outgroups” 2001: 112. Based on their statement, it means that discourse is seen as ideological that it establishes a polarized group consisting of ingroups and outgroups oppositions. Thus, it is believed that CDA witnesses “an overall strategy of positive self-presentation and negative other presentation” Wodak and Meyer, 2001: 112. In other words, it means that CDA examines an ideology in a discourse that has an objective to emphasize the ingroups‟ good things positive self-presentation and the outgroups‟ bad things negative other presentation. Other than the study of ideologically biased discourse, it is emphasized by Wodak and Meyer that CDA is “the study of the many forms of implicit or indirect meanings, such as implications, presuppositions, allusions, vagueness, and so on” 2001: 113. They also point out that implicit meanings related to underlying beliefs, that are not precisely asserted for various contextual reasons, including the well-known ideological objective to de-emphasize our bad things and their good things Wodak and Meyer, 2001: 113. Based on their points above, it means that CDA is a strategic tool to scrutinize presuppositions with their implicit meanings that carry an underlying belief known as ideology that is not precisely asserted due to a contextual reason. Thus, emphasizing ingroups‟ good things and outgroups‟ bad things while de- emphasizing ingroups‟ bad things and outgroups‟ good things is the strategy to imply the ideology in a presupposition that is used as a biased discourse. CDA sees discourse as socially conditioned, which means it consitutes the social conditions among society and it is seen as a tool to retain and reproduce the social status quo Weiss and Wodak, 2003: 13. In other words, the discourse PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI