condition of San Francisco during the 1970s in order to depict the liberty and optimism that want to be promoted by the film.
D. Definition of Terms
In order to avoid misunderstanding on certain terms, the writer would like to define certain important terms in this study. There are six important terms
that will be defined: Characters; Critical Discourse Analysis; Ideology; Lexical Meaning; Presuppositions; Synonymy; Utterance. Characters are defined as the
one who is relevant to events occuring in the story Stanton, 1965: 17. Therefore, everyone who is relevant to the scenes transcribed in the film script can be
considered as characters of the film Milk. A critical discourse analysis CDA is defined as an interdisciplinary approach to gain a proper understanding in the
function of language to transmit certain ideas, organize a social institution, or exercise power Weiss and Wodak, 2003: 14. It is also emphasized by Weiss and
Wodak that “CDA sees – discourse – language use in speech and writing – as a form of social practice” Weiss and Wodak, 2003: 13. It means that discourse is
“socially constitutive as well as socially conditioned” Weiss and Wodak, 2003: 13. In other words, critical discourse analysis is a method to examine linguistic
features that are attached to certain discourses in spoken or written form which are produced in a particular social condition. Therefore, CDA aims to analyze the
function of the language in the discourse, for instance transmitting an ideology. According to Dijk
, ideology has something to do with “systems of ideas, and especially with the social, political, or religious ideas shared by a social group
or mo vement” 2000: 6. It means that ideology is an idea or a value that is
commonly shared by all members in a social group or movement. Weiss and Wodak emphasizes that “language mediates ideology in a variety of social
institutions” 2003: 14. It is strengthened by Fairclough by his statement that a range of properties of texts is regarded as potentially ideological,
including features
of vocabulary
and metaphors,
grammar, presuppositions and implicatures, politeness conventions, speech-
exchange turn-taking systems, generic structure, and style 1995: 2. Therefore, language use in a text, including presuppositions and vocabularies
words are potentially carrying certain ideologies within them. Thus, this study aims to discuss how the linguistic features convey particular ideologies.
In defining lexical meaning, Piasecki states that lexical meaning is the semantic description of logical language that represents certain lexical units
2009: 2. Based on his statement, it indicates that lexical meaning serves a description of certain lexical units using language as the medium to describe
certain meaning to noun, verb, adjective, or adverb. In this study, certain words in an utterance will be examined in order to identify the lexical meaning that can
contribute to better understanding on certain presupposed information. In the idea of presupposition, Yule defines presupposition as “something
the speaker assumes to be the case prior to making an utterance” 1996: 25. Yule also emphasizes that in finding an actual presupposition, one must consider
certain linguistic forms, such as the use of words, phrases, and structures in an utterance uttered by a speaker 1996: 27. Thus, presupposition is the valid
assumption based on the utterance made by a speaker, and it can be indicated as PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
actual presupposed information by considering the words, phrases, and also the sentences of the utterance.
In defining the idea of utterance, it is stated by Bakhtin that an utterance can be defined as
a link in the chain of speech communication of a particular sphere. The very boundaries of the utterance are determined by a change of speech
subjects. Utterances are not indifferent to one another, and are not self- sufficient; they are aware of and mutually reflect one another 1986: 91.
Based on Bakhtin’s statement, it means that an utterance is the key in speech or communication done in a certain situation. He also states that an
utterance needs a speech subject as the one who utters the information. Therefore, this study will examine
how Harvey Milk’s utterance is uttered in a certain situation and how it contributes to the revelation of the ideologies that he wants to
convey to the society.
8
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. Review of Related Studies
Presupposition is an instrument that can be used to convey a certain fact, truth, or information that is necessary to be known by certain readers, or
audiences. Based on the presupposed meaning, it is strategic to depict certain ideologies that are intended by the speaker‟s utterances in this study. There are
two studies that are focused on the concept of presupposition. The first study is an undergraduate thesis entitled
“A Study on Pragmatics Presupposition in Countries and States‟ Slogans” by Astika Christia Destin. Destin‟s study aims to show
certain types of presupposition occuring in the slogans of certain countries and states and how presuppositional triggers support those presuppositions in the
slogans 2013: 5. In order to achieve the aim her study, Destin employs descriptive research method to present the research‟s result in a form of rich
description 2013: 6. In her study, she applied descriptive method to explain the presuppositional triggers and the types of presuppositions that occur in the
countries ‟ and states‟ slogans Destin, 2013: 51-52. The descriptive method
results into the revelation of 6 out of 13 presuppositional triggers and 3 out of 6 types of presuppositions in the slogans Destin, 2013: vii.
Destin‟s study is related to this study in terms of linguistic approach. Destin‟s study employs pragmatic approach, presupposition in particular, the
same approach that this study employs to examine the characters‟ utterances in the
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