Presupposed Meaning in Lexical Presupposition

The seventh utterance is found in Scene 33, portraying Harvey Milk‘s recorded will in his kitchen. 7 Harvey Milk: There was nobody to look up to, no hope for a better life. Those that did were outcast. . .arrested. .suicide p.20. The gay community was outcasted, arrested, and they committed suicide. Based on utterance 7, it presupposes that the gay community was outcasted, or arrested, and some of them even committed suicide to escape from the blatant treatment to them. It is indicated by the auxiliary verb did which implies a factual event in the past. Eighth and ninth utterance are found in Scene 61. Both of them portray Harvey Milk‘s speech at the City Hall. 8 Harvey Milk: We will no longer sit quietly in our closets. We must fight. p.39. Harvey Milk starts to fight against gay oppresion and discrimination. 9 Harvey Milk: And I say, we have to give them hope p.39. Harvey Milk must give gay people a hope. In utterance 8, it presupposes that Harvey Milk starts to fight against gay oppression and discrimination. It can be seen through the phrase no longer which presupposes a state of change that does not retain something in the past. In the utterance, it shows that Harvey Milk no longer wants to succumb to the gay discrimination and oppression, thus initiating a fight for the gay people‘s cause. In utterance 9, it presupposes that Harvey Milk must give gay people a hope due to the phrase have to is used to show that you must do something. Thus, the utterance can presuppose that Harvey Milk must give the hope for the people living in despair in that era, gay community in particular. The tenth utterance can be found each in Scene 63, showing Harvey Milk‘s recorded will. 10 Harvey Milk: Hope for a better world. . .Hope for a better tomorrow. . .Hope for a better place to come to if the pressures at home are too great. . . p.39. Harvey Milk aims for a better world, a better tomorrow, and a better place to come to if the pressures at home are too great. In utterance 10, it presupposes that Harvey Milk aims for a better world, better tomorrow, and a better place to come to if the pressures at home are too great. The presupposed meaning is triggered by the verb hope which means wanting something to happen. Therefore, in his utterance above, there are the things that he aims for which are a better world, a better tomorrow, and a better place to come to without any pressure. The eleventh utterance is found in Scene 68, transcribing a conversation between Harvey Milk and Scott Smith. 11 Scott Smith: Since when did you care if anyone took you seriously? Harvey Milk: Anita wants to put us all back in concentration camps p.41. Anita intends to put all gay people back in concentration camps. In utterance 11, it presupposes that Anita intends to put all gay people back in concentration camps. The pressuposed information is trigerred by the verb wants which means to have a desire or a wish for something. Thus, it is affirmed that Anita has a blatant intention to oppress the gay society with a life-threatening concentration camps, just like the way Jews were oppressed, killed, and treated as slaves by German nationalist forces during the World War II and Holocaust. The twelfth utterance can be found each in Scene 87, portraying a conversation between Dan White and Harvey Milk. 12 Harvey Milk: I‘m proposing a citywide ordinance. It ensures that a person who already has a job can‘t be fired for their orientation. Dan White: I‘m not sure my constituents would favor that p.55. A person who already has a job will not be fired for their orientation. In utterance 12, it presupposes a person who already has a job will not be fired for their orientation. The presupposed meaning is triggered by the verb ensures in which the isolated meaning is to make sure something happens. In the context of gay liberation, realizing that competenc e in job is not relevant to one‘s sexual orientation, that is why Harvey Milk intends to glorify the rights of gay society to maintain their job for a living. The thirteenth utterance can be found each in Scene 90, portraying a coverage by Harvey Milk on the television. 13 Harvey Milk: Look what happened in Germany. Now Anita Bryant already says that Jews and Muslims are going to hell, you know she‘s got a shopping list. We are not going to let John Briggs or Anita Bryant legislate bigotry in this city p.60. Harvey Milk will prevent John Briggs and Anita Bryant to legalize bigotry in San Francisco In utterance 13, it presupposes that Harvey Milk will prevent John Briggs and Anita Bryant to legalize bigotry in San Francisco. It can be indicated by the auxiliary verb are not going to which means that Harvey Milk will keep opposing to make sure that John Briggs and Anita Bryant forfeit their agenda of legalizing bigotry. The fourteenth utterance is found in Scene 131, portraying Harvey Milk‘s speech at the Market Street. 14 Harvey Milk: To the gay community all over this state. . .my message to you is. . .so far a lot of people joined us and rejected Proposition Six, and now we owe them something. . .We must destroy the myths once and for all, shatter them. We must continue to speak out and most importantly, most importantly, every gay person must come out p.95. Proposition Six has been rejected. In utterance 14, it presupposes that Proposition Six has been rejected. It is indicated by the past form of verb joined and rejected which illustrates that the fact had happened in the past. The fact that had happened in the past based on the utterance 14 is a lot of people had joined Harvey Milk to proliferate the gay liberation movement, and it paid off when Proposition Six which banned gay teachers from being able to teach at school was banned and rejected due to Harvey Milk‘s valiant effort.

4. Presupposed Meaning in Non-Factive Presupposition

Non-factive presupposition is a type of presupposition which assumes false information based on the verbs that illustrate an unrealistic event. For instance, verbs like dream, imagine, and pretend indicate a certain wish or hope towards something that is not happening. The chart above indicates that 5.1 of 39 utterances can be classified in non-factive presupposition. There are two PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI utterances comprise non-factive presupposition. The summary of the presupposed meaning based on non-factive presupposition can be seen in the table below. PageScene Characters Utterances 84116 Harvey Milk Harvey Milk‘s recorded will 105158 Harvey Milk Harvey Milk‘s recorded will Table 4. Utterances with Non-Factive Presupposition The first utterance with non-factive presupposition is found in Scene 116, portraying Harvey Milk‘s recorded will. 1 Harvey Milk: We were genuinely frightened by Proposition Six, and with the backlash gaining strength, we were very pessimistic. We didn‘t think there was any chance we could beat it. What we hoped to do was to organize to the point that when we did lose, there would be a revolt. . . p.84. Harvey Milk has not organized a revolt when he lose the vote to beat Proposition Six. Based on Har vey Milk‘s utterance above, it presupposes that Harvey Milk has not organized a revolt when he lost the vote to beat Proposition Six. It can be indicated by the verb hoped which means something that you wish for. As previously explained, the word wish means expecting something that is unlikely to be true. In response to that, Harvey Milk‘s premise to organize a revolt when he did lose against the battle to crumble down Proposition Six is still considered as false information presupposed by the verb hoped. Therefore, it presupposes that Harvey Milk has not organized a revolt when he lose the vote to beat Proposition Six, indicated by the verb hoped which emboldens the fact that the organization of a revolt a protest against authority has not been executed yet. The second utterance containing non-factive presupposition is found in Scene 158, portraying Harvey Milk‘s recorded will as well. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 2 Harvey Milk: I ask this, if there should be an assassination, I would hope that five, ten, one hundred, a thousand would rise. I would like to see every gay lawyer, every gay architect come out p.105. Five, ten, one hundred, a thousand gay societies have not risen yet. Based on Harvey Milk‘s utterance above, it presupposes that five, ten, one hundred, a thousand gay societies have not risen yet. It can be indicated by the verb hope which indicates the expectation of something to happen which implies that it has not happened yet as what the subject hopes for. Therefore, the verb hope emboldens that the number of gay societies, such as gay lawyers or architects have not risen yet to come out and embrace their identity as homosexuals.

5. Presupposed Meaning in Counter-Factual Presupposition

Counter-factual presupposition is a type of presupposition which assumes that something that is not only false but also contrary to the facts, commonly indicated through if-clauses conditional sentences. The chart above indicates that 12.8 out of 39 utterances can be classified in counter-factual presupposition. The summary of the presupposed meaning based on counter-factual presupposition can be seen in the table below. PageScene Characters Utterances 1634 Harvey Milk Scott Smith Conversation 3455 Harvey Milk Jim Rivaldo Conversation 4168 Harvey Milk Scott Smith Conversation 5383 Anne Kronenberg Harvey Milk Conversation PageScene Characters Utterances 6492 Anne Kronenberg Harvey Milk Jim Rivaldo Conversation Table 5. Utterances with Counter-Factual Presupposition The first utterance is found in Scene 34, portraying a conversation between Harvey Milk and Scott Smith. 1 Harvey Milk: ... if we had someone in the government who saw things the way we see them, the way the black community has black leaders look out for their interests — Scott Smith: You‘re gonna run for Supervisor, is that the idea? The gay community had not had someone in the government who saw things the way they see them. Based on the conversation above, it presupposes that the gay community had not had someone in the government who saw things the way they see them. It is indicated by the if-clause which debunks the whole premise that they had someone in the government with the same perspective or point of view as them because the premise in the if-clause is contrary to the fact. The second utterance is found in Scene 55, portraying the conversation between Harvey Milk and Jim Rivaldo. 2 Jim Rivaldo: If you run for Supervisor with this new district, it‘s a potential landslide. You‘ll be the first upfront gay man elected to major office in the U.S. Harvey Milk: I don‘t know if I have another one in me. Or Scott p.34. Harvey Milk has not run for Supervisor in a new district. Based on the conversation above, it presupposes that Harvey Milk has not run for Supervisor in a new district due to the premise being mentioned in the conditional clause which is contrary to the fact. The third utterance is found in Scene 68, portraying the conversation between Harvey Milk and Scott Smith. 3 Harvey Milk: If people are ever going to take me seriously, I have to win this one. Scott Smith: Since when did you care if anyone took you seriously? Harvey Milk: Anita wants to put us all back in concentration camps p.41. People never take Harvey Milk seriously. Based on the conversation above, it presupposes that people never take Harvey Milk seriously, indicated by the if-clause that implies people in San Francisco are not taking him seriously, causing him to look like an insignificant agent of change without an adequate number of votes or supporters. The fourth utterance is found in Scene 83, portraying Harvey Milk‘s conversation with Anne Kronenberg. 4 Harvey Milk: Hey, I‘ll let him christen me, if he‘ll vote for my Gay Rights Ordianance. We need allies. We need everyone. p.53. He Dan White will not vote for Harve y Milk‘s Gay Rights Ordinance. Based on Harvey Milk‘s utterance above, it depicts that Dan White will not vote for Harvey Milk ‘s Gay Rights Ordinance because Harvey Milk utters that premise in an if-clause which shows that it is contrary to the fact. The pronoun he refers to Dan White because in Scene 83, Anne Kronenberg and Harvey Milk are talking about Dan White. The fifth utterance is found in Scene 92, portraying Harvey Milk‘s conversation with Anne Kronenberg, and Jim Rivaldo.