Liberty Ideologies in the Character’s Utterances

No. Presupposed Meaning Uttered By 2. There are thousands upon thousands of frustrated, angry people such as yourselves waiting to unleash a fury that will eradicate the malignancies which blight our beautiful city Dan White 3. Harvey Milk could be assasinated at any moment Harvey Milk Table 9. The Emphasis on Negative Other Presentation through Factive Presupposition In the factive presupposition above, it presupposes three facts that may lead to the internalization of liberty that wants to be advocated by Harvey Milk in the film Milk. The first fact that There is a person who stands for what Harvey Milk stands for, such as an activist or gay activist that becomes the potential target of a person who is insecure, terrified, afraid, or disturbed themselves is used by Harvey Milk in order to reveal the ugly truth that a gay activist who is under the wing of Harvey Milk to accelerate the agenda of gay liberation movement becomes the main target of insecure, terrified, or afraid people per se. In relation to the context of gay discrimination in 1970s, those insecure, terrified, or afraid people can be referred to the conservative homophobic society. The second fact that There are thousands upon thousands of frustrated, angry people such as yourselves waiting to unleash a fury that will eradicate the malignancies which blight our beautiful city is used by Dan White in order to reveal that there are thousands of oppositions conservative society that are frustrated and angry towards the existence of the gay society. The presupposed meaning Harvey Milk could be assasinated at any moment means that there is a possibility of Harvey Milk to be assasinated by anyone. This possibility is manipulated by Harvey Milk to show the fact about harsh treatment that may be addressed to Harvey Milk, including the assasination to himself. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI No. Presupposed Meaning Uttered By 1. Harvey Milk has not organized a revolt when he lost the vote to beat Prop Six. Harvey Milk Table 10. The Emphasis on Negative Other Presentation through Non-Factive Presupposition In the non-factive presupposition, Harvey Milk presupposes he has not organized a revolt when he lost the vote to beat Prop Six in order to initiate a plan in order to organize a revolt as a backup plan in the event that he fails to ban the ratification of Prop Six. It gives the impression that the opposition of gay liberation movement is too dominant, which triggers the sense of urgency to his followers to proliferate the idea of liberty. Through his intention, it indicates that Harvey Milk will do any means possible to ensure that a revolt would be organized. The aim of organizing such a revolt is to ensure Prop Six will not pass to prevent any further systematic discrimination to gay society. No. Presupposed Meaning Uttered By 1. People never take Harvey Milk seriously Harvey Milk 2. He Dan White will not vote for Harvey Milk‘s gay rights ordinances Harvey Milk Table 11. The Emphasis on Negative Other Presentation through Counterfactual Presupposition The counterfactual presupposition presupposes two kinds of meaning that can be related to dominance, power abuse, and inequality which are People never take Harvey Milk seriously 1 and Dan White will not vote for Harvey Milk’s gay rights ordinances 2. By depicting the ugly truth about what happened in San Francisco during the 1970s, Harvey Milk wants to make sure that the society realizes the severe condition undergone by Harvey Milk and his gay community. By implying that people never regard Harvey Milk seriously, it sends a notion about the harm of letting the absence of liberty to be proliferated. Thus, such ugly PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI truth juga jadi strategy to internalize liberty. He also attempts to depict the homophobic resistance of his opposition, Dan White, in which he will not vote for Harvey Milk‘s gay rights ordinances which signifies his abuse of power by giving a constant negation to the proliferation of gay rights advocated by Harvey Milk and his alliances. No. Presupposed Meaning Uttered By 1. Harvey Milk and his gay community demand a respect Harvey Milk 2. The murderers of Robert Hillsbourough will not be brought to justice McConnelly 3. John Briggs needs signatures to ratify a petition advocating for a statewide referendum to fire all gay teachers McConnelly 4. There are many careers that John Briggs is willing to see destroyed Dan White 5. There are many lives that John Briggs will destroy in his lust for power Harvey Milk 6. Dan White has shut down Harvey Milk‘s propositions Anne Kronenberg Table 12. The Emphasis on Negative Other Presentation through Structural Presupposition All of the kinds of presupposed meaning based on the structural presupposition convey the devastating truth about what happened to the gay community during the 1970s. The devastating truth can then be related to the dominance, power abuse, and inequality that are exposed. The first one is The murderers of Robert Hillsbourough will not be brought to justice 2. This fact is conveyed by Harvey Milk in order to depict the injustice that occured to the gay society, in this case the murderers of a gay person named Robert Hillsbourough is saved from the prosecution and trial process which are the procedures of a criminal justice system for perpetrators, including a murderer. The second one is Dan White has shut down Harvey Milk’s propositions 6. This information is presupposed by Har vey Milk in order to show the danger of Dan White‘s success of prevailing against Harvey Milk‘s attempt to accelerate the gay rights through his propositions. The third one is John Briggs needs signatures to ratify a petition advocating for a statewide referendum to fire all gay teachers 3. Based on the presupposed meaning mentioned previously, Harvey Milk wants to use this fact to warn the society about the agenda of John Briggs to gain signatures for the eligibility of his referendum to fire all gay teachers. The blatant intention of John Briggs can be strengthened through another presupposed meaning informing that There are many careers that John Briggs is willing to see destroyed 4 and Many lives that John Briggs will destroy in his lust for power 5. These two kinds of meaning are used by Harvey Milk to persuade the society that John Briggs has a blatant intention to sacrifice the survivability of people‘s life for the sake of maintaining his power in the authority. Responding to all of the blatant truth, Harvey Milk presupposes that the gay community and himself demand a respect 1. The demand of the respect is executed in response to the disrespectful act that has been addressed to the gay community during that era. No. Presupposed Meaning Uttered By 1. New York City cops are behaving in an unpleasant way Harvey Milk 2. Police officers sent fourteen gay people to the hospitals, and to jail Harvey Milk 3 The gay community were outcasted, arrested, and committed suicide. Harvey Milk 4 Anita intends to put all gay people back in concentration camps. Cleve Jones Table 13. The Emphasis on Negative Other Presentation through Lexical Presupposition Based on the presupposed meaning above, it depicts an unpleasant truth inside the gay community, starting from them being outcasted. arrested, and committed suicide 3, and the cops are behaving in an unpleasant way 1. For instance, Police officers sent fourteen gay people to the hospitals, and to jail 2 because they feel like those gay people need to be cured in hospitals or sent to the jail due to the violation towards the law enforcement in San Francisco. In relation to the context of gay liberation, this event occurs because the gay society has not obtained the sense of liberty yet. Thus, they have no choice or freedom but to succumb to the homophobic rules and treatment by the police officers. Even further, Cleve Jones emphasizes that Anita Bryant intends to put all gay people back in concentration camps 4. The concentration camps can be classified as a form of blatant truth because it is stated by Haggerty and Zimmerman that ―France has a history of repression of sodomy and homosexuality and collaborated in the deportation of homosexuals to German concentration camps‖ 2000: 524. The emphasis by Cleve Jones is to show that Anita Bryant has a blatant intention to put gay people back in the harsh and unforgiving persecution offered by German concentration camps Nazi, in which gay people are treated inhumanly as slaves. That is why all of the power abuses, dominances, and inequalities are addressed by Cleve Jones and Harvey Milk in order to establish a sense of urgency to uphold liberty for the society. No. Presupposed Meaning Uttered By 1. Harvey Milk convinces all gay society to confess their sexuality. Cleve Jones 2. Proposition Six has been rejected. Harvey Milk 3. Harvey Milk considered gathering an army of queers to become independent, separating Harvey Milk PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI themselves from nation Table 14. The Emphasis on Positive Self Presentation through Lexical Presupposition Resisting to the unpleasant truth, it is presupposed that Harvey Milk convinces all gay society to confess their sexuality 1. The presupposed meaning is used by Cleve Jones to inform that Harvey Milk does not bow down to the cunnifying homophobic nuance created by John Briggs and Anita Bryant. Furthermore, Harvey Milk conveys that Proposition Six has been rejected 2. This information is used by Harvey Milk in order to depict the achievement of gay liberation movement advocated by Harvey Milk and his ally to prevent the further discrimination to the gay society, gay teachers in particular. In response to Anita Bryant‘s intention to put all gay people back in concentration camps, it is presupposed that Harvey Milk considered gathering an army of queers to become independent, separating themselves from nation 3. This consideration is taken to direct all the gay communities in San Francisco to establish a separatist movement to liberate themselves from the nation that constantly oppresses them socially and systematically. Liberty is a state of freedom to live as you choose without too many restrictions from government or authority. It is a condition where the society can have their sense of freedom or rights for actualizing themselves. In relation to the context of gay liberation, the realization of liberty is enacted through the sense of freedom, the state of being free from any restriction or discrimination, and the acceptance and acknowledgement to their sexuality. In relevance to the issue of the film Milk. The liberty is manifested through the way gay community can gain the adequate number of votes to support Harvey Milk to be the Supervisor for San Francisco in order to gain a political leverage to alleviate the systematic gay discrimination in 1970s. The alleviation of the systematic gay discrimination would eventually expand their liberty in political and social spheres. For example, fair policy making, rights to live and have a job, anti-discrimination. In order to communicate this belief to the audience, that is why Harvey Milk and the other characters utter the ugly or blatant truth of gay discrimination which triggers the initiation of freedom, liberty, and respect by the gay community. In the framework of CDA, these kinds of presupposed meaning are the realization on how dominance, power abuse, and inequality occuring to the gay community during the 1970s. Thus, presupposed meaning serves as a medium to internalize the ideology of liberty to the audience.

2. Optimism

The second prominent ideology of the film Milk is optimism. This ideology is gained from the presupposed meaning that is presupposed from the characters‘ utterances in the film script that can be listed in the tables below. No. Presupposed Meaning Uttered By 1. There is a movement gay rights movement. Harvey Milk 2. There are gay people out here just like the boy who will welcome the boy and love the boy. Harvey Milk 3. There is an activist named Cleve Jones. Harvey Milk 4. There is a first gay Supervisor in the city who will come out and play peacemaker. Harvey Milk Table 15. The Emphasis on Positive Self Presentation through Existential Presupposition Based on the presupposed meaning above, it presupposes the existence of certain entities that can give the sense of optimism to the audience, regarding on the progress of the gay liberation movement. All of these facts above are used by Harvey Milk in order to push away the despair of the society who feels constantly discriminated, in this case, gay society. The first information is about the existence of a movement gay rights movement 1. This information is used by Harvey Milk in order to provide the sense of hope or a positive reinforcement for the gay community by the provision of a movement that advocates their rights, acceptance, and also acknowledgement. Furthermore, Harvey Milk also emphasizes his enlightening information by revealing the existence of an activist named Cleve Jones 3. In elaborating Cleve Jones, Bollinger and Tran inform that ―Cleve Jones has been a leader in the struggle for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender LGBT rights sinc e the 1970s‖ 2012: 185. Throughout his fight as Harvey Milk‘s ally, he has ―led marches of thousands in opposition‖ to overturn Anita Bryant‘s intention to establish a discriminative law to LGBT Bollinger and Tran, 2012: 185. Bollinger and Tran add that he has also enacted a campaign to topple down John Briggs‘s attempt to ratify Briggs Initiative Prop Six that aims to ban openly gay teachers from California school 2012: 185-186. This information is employed by Harvey Milk to show to the society during the era that Cleve Jones will join forces with Harvey Milk under the umbrella of gay liberation movement. Therefore, Cleve Jones will also be the one who speaks up, representing the voices of the persecuted gay society. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI During a conversation with a boy, Harvey Milk also attempts to drag out the sorrow and fear of a gay boy about the hostility that he may get for attaining his sexual orientation as being gay. He informs the boy that there are gay people 2 out there who will welcome him and love him unconditionally. This information is uttered by Harvey Milk to illustrate an impression to the boy that there are people out there who feel the same shoes as the boy. Furthermore, knowing that they are in the same page of struggle, Harvey Milk ensures that the boy will get unconditional love from them. Last but not least, Harvey Milk presupposes the existence of a first gay Supervisor in the city who will come out and play peacemaker 4. This information is used by Harvey Milk as a strategy to push away the society‘s fear of a riot in the city. Through his presupposed meaning, in the event that chaos or riot happens because of a resentment from the homophobic society, Harvey Milk, as the first gay Supervisor, will come out and play peacemaker to ensure the resolution of the riot. No. Presupposed Meaning Uttered By 1. Five, ten, one hundred, a thousand gay societies have not risen yet. Harvey Milk Table 16. The Emphasis on Negative Other Presentation through Non-Factive Presupposition Based on the non-factive presupposition, a dominance is implied that five, ten, one hundred, a thousand gay society have not risen yet . Reflecting to the fact, there are abundant gay societies that have not risen yet due to their insecurity. The insecurity is based on the dominance of the conservative homophobic society inside San Francisco that gives them the doubt to rise and embrace their sexuality. Harvey Milk manipulates this fact to the society to PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI portray the severe insecurity suffered by gay society. By using the word hope in his utterance, Harvey Milk implies that it is possible to still alleviate the number of repressed gay societies , by asking them to ―rise‖ and start fighting for the social revolution that the gay communities have been aiming for. Thus, through his attempt to raise hope, Harvey Milk attempts to reinforce an optimism to the gay society in order to resist the fact that most of them have not risen yet. No. Presupposed Meaning Uttered By 1. The gay community had not had someone in the government who saw things the way they see them. Harvey Milk 2. Harvey Milk has not run for Supervisor in a new district. Jim Rivaldo 3. Harvey Milk and his team have not convinced the majority 90 of San Francisco society to give a shit about the gay minority 10. Harvey Milk Table 17. The Emphasis on Negative Other Presentation through Counterfactual Presupposition In the counterfactual presupposition, there are three implied facts that may internalize the ideology of optimism. Those three kinds of presupposed meaning mentioned above construct a consistent framework. They depict the things that Harvey Milk and his ally have not achieved or done yet, thus giving a loophole for dominance, power abuse, and inequality to be enacted. In the first meaning, it reveals that they had not had someone in the government who could represent the perspective of the gay community 1. Harvey Milk uses this information as a guideline for him to aim for the Supervisor so he could represent the perspective of the gay community, thus resisting the dominance by letting the gay society retain their sense of hope for a representative officials in the authority. In relation to the context, Harvey Milk attempts to show the possibility for a gay individual to reach a milestone in advancing their rights. One of the examples is when he was elected as the Supervisor of San Francisco in 1977. In the second meaning, Jim Rivaldo informs that Harvey Milk has not run for Supervisor in a new district 2. In the utterance, Jim Rivaldo reveals that it will be potential for Harvey Milk to run for a Supervisor in a new district. Jim Rivaldo uses this information to construct a probability that Harvey Milk may be elected as a Supervisor in a new district. Furthermore, in their conversation, it is mentioned that running for a Supervisor in a new district would be potential. The word potential in Jim Rivaldo‘s utterance provides another sense of optimist reinforcement for Harvey Milk due to the high probability that he would be elected. The third meaning which glorifies the dominance of conservative homophobic society is informed by Harvey Milk that he and his team have not convinced the majority 90 of San Francisco society to give a shit about the gay minority 10 3. This information is used by Harvey Milk with the aim to start convincing the majority of society in San Francisco to start giving the acknowledgement towards the gay minority. He uses this information to construct a belief to his ally and followers that eventually there will be a state of change in which the majority is convinced to acknowledge the gay minority in San Francisco, thus constructing yet another optimism to resist the dominance. No. Presupposed Meaning Uttered By 1. They were a group of pansies and did not have a power before. Harvey Milk Table 18. The Emphasis on Negative Other Presentation through Lexical Presupposition