Definition of Terms INTRODUCTION

film . Destin‟s study is also helpful for this study, for her strategy on using presuppositional triggers becomes the guidance in this study to examine the types of presupposition that occur in the film script containing the characters‟ utterances. However, Destin concedes that her study only aims to reveal the presupposed meaning in the countries ‟ and states‟ slogans. This study extends the scope of presuppositions by relating the presupposed meaning to the context of social revolution that occurs in the film Milk to discover certain truths behind the characters‟ utterances or to analyze the words in the presupposed meaning using the lexical semantic strategy to reveal the lexical meaning of certain words that may assist better understanding on certain presupposed meaning, namely lexical and non-factive presupposition. Therefore, this study is more extensive because the presupposition is linked to the social revolution that is related to the framework of critical discourse analysis. The second study is an undergraduate thesis entitled “A Study in Presupposition Used in Weekender Magazine‟s Advertisements” by Ana Humardhiana. In her study, Humardhiana finds 5 out of 6 types of presupposition in Weekender m agazine‟s advertisement. The presuppositions are 51 existential presupposition, 28 lexical presupposition, 13 factive presupposition, 6 structural presupposition, and 2 non-factive presupposition 2009: vi. Based on her findings, she argues that presupposition is important in persuasive language, including advertising language 2009: 31. Humardhiana‟s argument means that she applies presupposition to help the readers understand the function of the advertisement in Weekender magazine. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI She emphasizes that her study discloses four functions of presuppositions in an advertisement. Firstly, presenting the existence of the product or service, this function can be found in an existential presupposition that makes readers consider the existence of the objects, indicated through possessive pronouns 2009: 61-62. Secondly, implicit competition, presupposition is used to obey the law by avoiding offensive remarks with the advertiser‟s competitor. The implicit competition in a presupposition can be indicated through comparative and superlative adjectives 2009: 63. Thirdly, making short and memorable message, this function is to make effective and understandable advertisements 2009: 64- 65. Lastly, establishing a virtual poetic world, in this function, Humardhiana argues that “presupposition, as a vital device to express more than what is uttered literally, can play the role of establishing a virtual poetic world” 2009: 65-66. Humardhiana‟s study is related to this study in terms of the same methodology, for this study also analyzes certain types of presuppositions that can be found in Milk ‟s film script. The difference lies on the different objects that are scrutinized. Humardhiana‟s study scrutinizes advertisements in several magazines with presuppositions while this study scrutinizes Dustin Lance Black‟s film script entitled Milk with presuppositions . Humardhiana‟s study is contributive to this study, for her study reveals that presuppositions have an essential role in a certain text, in her case, advertisements. However, the function of the presuppositions in H umardhiana‟s study is only applicable for advertisements, not to all texts, including film script. In this study, the function of presuppositions is different because this study intends to use the presupposed meaning for depicting certain ideologies with the assistance of critical discourse analysis that provides a framework to link the presupposed meaning to the context of social revolution, gay liberation in particular that occurs during the 1970s. Even though the methodology is the same, the function of presupposition that will be revealed in this study will be different from Humardhiana‟s study. A lexical semantic approach is an approach which examines the lexical unit of language such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. There is a study that can be related to lexical semantic approach. The study is an article entitled Toddlers Activate Lexical Semantic Knowledge in the Absence of Visual Referents: Evidence from Auditory Priming by Jon A. Willits, Erica H. Wojcik, Mark S. Seidenberg, and Jenny R. Saffran. Willits et al. state that the goal of their studies is to assess whether children can apply and use their knowledge about meaningful relationships between words without any additional context that assists them 2013: 4. In actualizing their goal, Willits et al. organize certain words into lists of related and unrelated words for 16 trials and in each trial, one word will be repeated by the caregiver in order to see whether the toddlers understand and know the exact word that the caregiver says and repeats 2013: 9. Willits et al. also provide a computer that contains the lists of related and unrelated words used for the trials, so if in the event that the toddlers do not know the words pronounced by the caregiver due to their limited semantic knowledge, they can look at either related or unrelated word that they initially do not know about. Their finding of their study is that toddlers demonstrate a relatedness effect in which the looking times to unrelated words were larger than the looking times to related words Willits et al., 2013:13. According to their findings, they emphasize that our knowledge of words includes extensive information about their meanings and how they related to other words. These words meanings are part of a semantic system that also represents information about objects, individuals, and events Willits et al., 2013: 17. Willits et al.‟s article can be related to this study because both studies employ the same approach which is lexical semantic approach. Their study is also helpful for this study, for their study emphasizes that extensive information about the meaning of certain words is needed in order to gain the knowledge on certain words. In supporting their statement, this study will later on elaborate certain meanings of the words in order to establish the validity on the specific spectrum of presuppositions, namely lexical and non-factive presuppositions. However, this study differs from Willits et al.‟s study in terms of the goal. Their goal is to prove whether a toddler can use or access their lexical semantic knowledge to either related or unrelated words. This study aims to provide valid presupposed meaning that is presupposed through lexical or non-factive presupposition by analyzing the lexical meaning of certain words, such as verbs or nouns. A critical discourse analysis is an analysis that can be used to examine certain ideologies and facts behind a speaker‟s utterances. The study that examines certain ideologies behind a speaker‟s utterances is an undergraduate thesis entitled “Ideologies Revealed through Euphemistic Expressions in Bashar al-Assads July 16th 2014 Inauguration English Speech Transcript ” by Irene PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI