Presupposed Meaning in Existential Presupposition

which is elaborated by a prepositional phrase of all people, all their problems, the problems that affect this city affect us all as the modifier of the noun phrase. Thus, Harvey Milk presupposes that sensitivities by people which affect the gay community during the 1970s exist. The seventh utterance is found in Scene 88, portraying Harvey Milk‘s conversation with Anne Kronenberg. 7 Harvey Milk: Good or bad? Anne Kronenberg: Not great. State Senator John Briggs is Anita Bryant ‘s go to-guy in California for sure. He‘s filed his petition for a statewide referendum to fire all gay teachers and anyone who supports them p.58. John Briggs and Anita Bryant exist. There is a petition for a statewide referendum to fire all gay teachers. There are gay teachers. Based on the conversation above, Anne Kronenberg‘s utterance presupposes three kinds of meaning. Firstly, John Briggs and Anita Bryant exist in San Francisco, indicated by the proper names, John Briggs, and Anita Bryant. Anita Bryant is a right-wing conservative politician during the 1970s who becomes the main opposition of Harvey Milk, as the left-wing politician advocating for liberalism and minority rights. Secondly, there is a petition for a statewide referendum, indicated by the noun phrase a petition complemented by the prepositional phrase for a statewide referendum to fire all gay teachers as the complement of the noun phrase. Thirdly, there are gay teachers, indicated by the noun phrase gay teachers. Therefore, the existence of gay teachers in San Francisco is presupposed through Anne Kronenberg‘s utterance. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI The eighth utterance is found in Scene 94 where Harvey Milk records his will in a tape recorder. 8Harvey Milk: Across the country, a handful of city councils had passed the very first ordinances protecting gay people against discrimination. But Anita Bryant and her right wing Christian fundamentalists were creating and exploiting and fanning a backlash. Now she had referenda to repeal of these gay rights ordinances. While we ere preparing for the battle against Briggs and Prop Six, Anita Bryant was taking her show on the road. . .sweeping the country. Her next stop was Wichita, Kansas p.68. There are first ordinances protecting gay people against discrimination. There are right wing Christian fundamentalists. There are referenda to repeal the gay rights ordinances. Prop Six exists. B ased on Harvey Milk‘s utterance above, it presupposes four kinds of presupposed meaning. The first one is there are first ordinances protecting gay people against discrimination, indicated by the noun phrase first ordinances that is followed by a reduced adjective clause protecting gay people against discrimination. The second one is there are right wing Christian fundamentalists as the avid supporters of Anita Bryant, Harvey Milk‘s opposition. It is indicated by the possessive remark her which presupposes that the right wing Christian fundamentalists belong to Anita Bryant. The third one is there are referenda to repeal the gay rights ordinances, indicated by the noun phrase referenda elaborated with a to-infinitive clause to repeal the gay rights ordinances as the modifier. The fourth one is Prop Six exists, indicated by the noun phrase Prop Six. Th erefore, Harvey Milk‘s utterance above presupposes the existence of four entities which are first ordinances that protect gay people from discrimination, PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI right wing Christian fundamentalists, referenda to repeal the gay rights ordinances, and Prop Six. The ninth utterance is found in Scene 99, portraying conversation with Cleve Jones. 9 Cleve Jones: What do I do with this? Harvey Milk: You‘re an activist. Take it. March them. March those people up to the front doors of City Hall. When it looks really bad, t he city‘s first gay Supervisor will come out and play peacemaker. We save the city from a riot. We can turn this night into more political power for the cause p.70. There is an activist named Cleve Jones. There is a first gay Supervisor in the city who will come out and play peacemaker. Based on the conversation above, it presupposes two kinds of meaning. The first is there is an activist named Cleve Jones, indicated by noun phrase an activist . The activist is named Cleve Jones because the pronoun you uttered by Harvey Milk refers to Cleve Jones, the one who is having a conversation with him in Scene 99. The second is there is a first gay Supervisor who will come out and play peacemaker, indicated by the genitive ‗s attached to the noun city in Harvey Milk‘s utterance above. It means that the first gay Supervisor belongs to the city, in this case San Francisco. The phrase will come out and play peacemaker is the complement of the first gay Supervisor that is presupposed in this utterance. The tent h utterance is found in Scene 112, depicting Harvey Milk‘s speech at the City Hall‘s front doors. 10 Harvey Milk: Hello. My name is Harvey Milk, and I want to recruit you. an enormous cheer rises I want to recruit you for the fight to preserve our democracy against Anita Bryant and John Briggs, who are trying to legalize bigotry p.81. Democracy exists Bigotry exists Based on Harvey Milk‘s utterance above, it presupposes two entities that exist which are democracy and bigotry. The existence of democracy is presupposed through the possesive remark our which indicates that the ―existing democracy‖ belongs to Harvey Milk and his avid supporter who proliferates the gay liberation as well. The existence of bigotry is presupposed through the noun phrase bigotry itself. Lexically, bigotry means the state of feeling, or the act of expressing strong and unreasonable beliefs or opinions about race, religion, politics, or sexual orientation.Therefore, it is relevant to say that Anita Bryant and John Briggs, as the opposition of the gay liberation movement, would like to legalize the bigotry that exists.

2. Presupposed Meaning in Factive Presupposition

Factive presupposition is a type of presupposition which presupposes meaning through a mental verb that is responsive to a certain fact uttered by someone. The instances of the mental verb are ‗realize‘, ‗regret‘, ‗be‘ with ‗aware‘, ‗odd‘, and ‗glad‘. The object of the sentence containing the mental verb will be the presupposed meaning because the object encompasses the fact uttered by the characters in the film script with a mental verb. Reflecting to the chart above, there are 7.7 out of 39 utterances containing factive presupposition. There are 3 utterances in the film script that presuppose meaning based on factive PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI presupposition. The summary of the presupposed meaning based on factive presupposition can be seen in the table below. PageScene Characters Utterances 25 Harvey Milk Harvey Milk‘s recorded will 311 Harvey Milk Harvey Milk‘s recorded will 4166 Dan White Press Conference Table 2. Utterances with Factive Presupposition Three utterances mentioned above presuppose meaning indicated through the mental verb of the sentence. The first utterance is found in Scene 5, depicting Harvey Milk‘s recorded will in his apartment. 1 Harvey Milk: I fully realize that a person who stands for what I stand for – an activist, a gay activist – becomes the target or potential target for a person who is insecure, terrified, afraid, or very disturbed themselves. . . p.2. There is a person who stands for what Harvey Milk stands for, such as an activist or gay activist that becomes the potential target of a person who is insecure, terrified, afraid, or disturbed themselves. Based on Harvey Milk‘s utterance above, it presupposes that there is a person who stands for what Harvey Milk stands for, such as an activist or gay activist that becomes the potential target of a person who is insecure, terrified, afraid, or disturbed themselves. It means that the people who are advocating for gay liberation as an activist, gay activist in particular becomes the target of insecure, terrified, and afraid people. In the context of gay liberation, those people are dubbed as homophobic society. The presupposed meaning can be indicated by the mental verb realize that is responsive to the fact that has been previously presupposed. The pronoun I in the utterance refers to Harvey Milk because the pronoun I is uttered by Harvey Milk himself. The second utterance is found in Scene 11 which also portrays Harvey Milk‘s recorded will in his apartment. 2 Harvey Milk: Knowing that I could be assasinated at any moment, I feel it‘s important that some people should understand my thoughts p.3. Harvey Milk could be assasinated at any moment. Based on Har vey Milk‘s utterance, it presupposes that Harvey Milk could be assasinated at any moment, indicated by their position as the object of the verb knowing . It means that the verb knowing is responsive to the fact that Harvey Milk could be assasinated at any moment. The pronoun I in the utterance also refers to Harvey Milk because it is uttered by Harvey Milk in the scene which means that the pronoun I belongs to Harvey Milk. The third utterance is found in Scene 66, depicting a press conference held by Harvey Milk ‘s opposition named Dan White. 3 Dan White: You must realize there are thousands upon thousands of frustrated, angry people such as yourselves waiting to unleash a fury that will eradicate the malignanies which blight our beautiful city p.66. There are thousands upon thousands of frustrated, angry people such as yourselves waiting to unleash a fury that will eradicate the malignanies which blight our beautiful city. Based on Dan White‘s utterance above, it presupposes that there are thousands upon thousands of frustrated, angry people such as yourselves waiting to unleash a fury that will eradicate the malignanies which blight our beautiful city. The presupposed meaning is indicated by the position of the clause as the object of the verb realize which means it can be treated as the fact that is presupposed through Dan White‘s utterance. Malignancies themselves mean a disease that cannot be controlled that most likely results into death. In this issue, PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI Dan White presupposes that the there are thousand people who are furious enough due to seeing gay community as the malignancies that may blight or damage San Francisco.

3. Presupposed Meaning in Lexical Presupposition

Lexical presupposition is a type of presupposition which pressuposes a meaning by the meaning of a word asserted from the utterances. Therefore, the lexical meaning of a certain word needs to be defined in order to convey a proper presupposed meaning. The chart above indicates that 35.9 14 of 39 utterances belong to lexical presupposition. The summary of the presupposed meaning based on lexical presupposition can be seen in the table below. PageScene Characters Utterances 515 Harvey Milk Scott Smith Conversation 1427 Allan Baird Harvey Milk Conversation 1527 Harvey Milk Harvey Milk‘s recorded will 1731 Harvey Milk Speech at the Castro Street 1731 Harvey Milk Speech at the Castro Street 1831 Harvey Milk Speech at the Castro Street 2033 Harvey Milk Harvey Milk‘s recorded will 3961 Harvey Milk Speech at the City Hall 3961 Harvey Milk Speech at the City Hall 3963 Harvey Milk Harvey Milk‘s recorded will 4168 Harvey Milk Scott Smith Conversation 5587 Dan White Harvey Milk Conversation 6090 Harvey Milk Coverage on TV 6491 Anne Kronenberg Dick Pabich Harvey Milk Conversation 95131 Harvey Milk Speech at the Market Street Table 3. Utterances with Lexical Presupposition The first utterance is found in Scene 15, both of them are portraying the conversation between Harvey Milk and Scott Smith. 1 Scott Smith: Now you tell me. Harvey Milk: There‘s nothing tougher than a New York City cop. They‘re arrogant, and they‘re everywhere p.5. New York City cops are behaving in an unpleasant way. In utterance 1, it presupposes that New York City cops are behaving in an unpleasant way towards the gay community in San Francisco, indicated by the lexical meaning of arrogant. It is also strengthened by the phrase uttered by Harvey Milk that there is nothing tougher than the arrogant New York City cops mentioned before. The second utterance is found in Scene 27, portraying the conversation between Allan Baird and Harvey Milk. 2 Allan Baird: What‘s that? Harvey Milk: The mayor part. I‘ve considered gathering an army of queers to march up the City Hall and secede p.14. Harvey Milk considers gathering an army of queers to become independent, separating themselves from the nation. Based on the utterance 2 above, it presupposes that Harvey Milk considers gathering an army of queers to become independent, separating themselves from the nation. Secede, in its isolated meaning, means that to leave an organization or state and to become independent. In the era of gay liberation, therefore, Harvey Milk would like to rally up a group of queers to form a sort of separatist movement, as a political expression that the state San Francisco is not representative for them anymore.