Presupposition Review of Related Theories

us ingroups and them outgroups” 2001: 112. Based on their statement, it means that discourse is seen as ideological that it establishes a polarized group consisting of ingroups and outgroups oppositions. Thus, it is believed that CDA witnesses “an overall strategy of positive self-presentation and negative other presentation” Wodak and Meyer, 2001: 112. In other words, it means that CDA examines an ideology in a discourse that has an objective to emphasize the ingroups‟ good things positive self-presentation and the outgroups‟ bad things negative other presentation. Other than the study of ideologically biased discourse, it is emphasized by Wodak and Meyer that CDA is “the study of the many forms of implicit or indirect meanings, such as implications, presuppositions, allusions, vagueness, and so on” 2001: 113. They also point out that implicit meanings related to underlying beliefs, that are not precisely asserted for various contextual reasons, including the well-known ideological objective to de-emphasize our bad things and their good things Wodak and Meyer, 2001: 113. Based on their points above, it means that CDA is a strategic tool to scrutinize presuppositions with their implicit meanings that carry an underlying belief known as ideology that is not precisely asserted due to a contextual reason. Thus, emphasizing ingroups‟ good things and outgroups‟ bad things while de- emphasizing ingroups‟ bad things and outgroups‟ good things is the strategy to imply the ideology in a presupposition that is used as a biased discourse. CDA sees discourse as socially conditioned, which means it consitutes the social conditions among society and it is seen as a tool to retain and reproduce the social status quo Weiss and Wodak, 2003: 13. In other words, the discourse PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI contributes a lot to the social practices in the status quo, which can be known as discursive practrices as well. In elaborating the idea of discursive practices, Weiss and Wodak state that discursive practices may have major ideological effects – that is, they can help produce and reproduce unequal power relations between for instance social classes, women and men, and ethniccultural majorities and minorities through the ways in which they represent things and position people 2003: 13. Based on their point above, it means that such discourses used by people in a social status quo may carry an ideology that can be related to the unequal power relations between the majority and the minority in the society. Therefore CDA focuses on how social power abuse, dominance, and inequality are enacted and resisted in a social or political context Dijk, 2000: 18.

5. Ideology

Based on Fairclough, ideology is an “implicit philosophy in the practical activities in social life” 1989:84. It means that an ideology serves as an idea or belief system that enshapes one‟s social behavior. In conducting an empirical ideology research, Verschueren states that it is concerned with the meaning of certain texts and the way it is generated 2011: 21. He adds that “In actual research practice, most discourse-based studies of ideological processes start from basic intuitions that are not unrelated to the researcher‟s involvement” 2011: 21. Based on Verschueren‟s point, it means that it is inevitable to involve the researcher‟s subjectivity in utilizing his intuition in deciding an ideology in a text. Therefore, Verschueren emphasizes that such intuition of an ideology can be valid if it formulates researchable questions that can be supported with empirical evidence such as linguistic tools 2011: 22. In that light, the presupposed meaning in this study serves as the linguistic tools that validate the researcher‟s intuition towards the ideology of liberty and optimism. In order to relate the presupposed meaning to the revelation of an ideology, Verschueren argues that Before an aspect of meaning can be seen as an ingredient of ideology, it should emerge coherently from the data, both in terms of conceptual connectedness with other aspects of meaning and in terms of patterns of recurrence or of absence 2011: 23. Based on his point, it means that it is vital to examine the patterns of recurrence or of absence in the presupposed meaning to present the ideology of liberty and optimism in Dustin Lance Black‟s film entitled Milk.

C. Review of Related Backgrounds

Harvey Milk, a pioneer of civil rights, becomes the first openly gay politician when he is elected as San Francisco Board of Supervisors in 1977. During that time, the gay community is encountering widespread hostility and discrimination. One of the widespread discrimination suffered by the gay community is the marginalization under the basis of inequality in law and social. For instance, police raid forces certain gay society to be put into imprisonment jail or hospital with the aim to “cure” their homosexuality. During the candidacy process, Milk suffers from daily death threats by homophobic society. What ‟s worse is that Harvey Milk is aware of the possible death that may come to him. Consequently, he records a speech in his kitchen to express his will which can only be heard in the event of his assassination. This