Active Sentence METHOD OF RESEARCH

N-Double Bar SPEC N-Bar The N-Bar COMPL N P-Bar for the leadership country P V-Double Bar is V –Bar V crying out The main idea behind the X-Bar theory is to explain the similarity between the rules for each category. The X in X-Bar theory is a variable over categories. When we talk of XP, we mean to be describing any kind of phrase VP, NP, AdjP, AdvP, PP, TP, CP,…... As we see the tree diagram above, the COMPL “for the leadership” became completed of this NP “the country” after converted into X-Bar analysis. 2 He has won people’s heart. p.35 S NP Aux VP N modal Tense V has NP He past won people’s heart N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories: N Bar V Bar N- Bar N He has wo n people’s heart As the sentence above, the X-Bar structures seem to accurately characterize the structure of the NP NBar. A complement is the phrase which is sister of the head “he”, so after converted into X-Bar, “people;s heart” completed the N “he” as the subject itself. 3 Actions speak louder than words p.38 S VP NP AdjP V Prep NP N Adj N Actions speaks louder than words N Double-Bar After conversion into X-bar categories: V Bar N Bar A-Bar V N A COMPL Actions speaks louder than words As the sentence above, the COMPL is modifier the meaning of the noun “actions” and the verb “speaks”, so “ than words” completed both “actions” and “speaks” as the head of sentence. 4 I visit them to seek solutions. p.38 S VP NP NP V VP N N NP V I visit them to seek solutions N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories: N Bar N Bar N V Bar N V Bar I V them V COMPL Visit to seek solutions After converted into X-Bar analysis, the direct object is the complement, because “the solutions” completed the word “I” however the sentence completed each other. 5 Jokowi is a man of actions p. 40 S NP VP NP N V to be Spec N PP Jokowi is a man of actions After conversion into X-bar categories: N Double Bar N Bar N Bar V Bar P Bar N V Spec N P N-Bar N Jokowi is a man of actions After converted into X-Bar analysis, “action” become the head of this sentence, which means “the actions” word completed the subject “Jokowi” as the main of actions. 6 Jokowi resigned in 2012 p.44 S VP NP PP V AdvP N P Adv Jokowi resigned in 2012 After conversion into X-bar categories: N Double Bar N Bar V Bar P Bar N V P Adv-Bar Adv of Time Jokowi resigned in 2012 As the sentence above, the “Adv’ is modifier the meaning of noun. However, “2012” completed the N “Jokowi” as the subject of sentence. 7 Jokowi has done it with a smile p.33 S VP NP NP V NP N N Prep Det N Jokowi has done it with a smile After conversion into X-bar categories: N Double Bar N Bar V Bar N Bar N V N Prep Det N Jokowi has done it with a smile As the tree diagram above, the N Bar is modifier that restricts the meaning of noun. The N Bar “with a smile” is the complement of the noun “it” and the N Bar “Jokowi”. However, the N bar completed “with a smile” and “Jokowi”. 8 Jokowi came along and reignited hope p.33 S VP NP VP V Conj NP N V N Jokowi came along and reignited hope N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories: N Bar V Bar NP N V Conj V N Jokowi came along and reignited hope After converted into x-bar analysis, the N Bar is modifier the meaning of noun. The N Bar “hope” is the complement of the noun “Jokowi” its logical subject. However, “reignited hope” completed the subject “Jokowi” after converted into X-Bar. 9 A man of simple tastes and needs p.33 S NP Adj P Adj NP Det N A Man of simple tastes and need After conversion into X-bar categories: N Double Bar Det N Bar A Bar N COMP A of simple Man tastes and needs The noun “taste and needs” is the complement of the N Bar “Jokowi” its logical subject. However, the COMPL “taste and needs” completed the N Bar “a man” as the head. 10 Jokowi has already made an impression on the citizens of Jakarta p.33 S Aux VP NP tense NP N modal V Past Jokowi has made an impression on the citizens of Jakarta After conversion into X-bar categories: N Double Bar N VP V N Bar Jokowi COMPL has made an impression on the citizens of Jakarta After converted into X-Bar analysis, the complement “on the citizens of Jakarta” completed the noun “Jokowi”, however, the COMPL “on the citizens of Jakarta” completed the subject “Jokowi” as the head of sentence. 11 He gained a degree in agriculture and forestry from Hassanudin University in 1988 p.34 S VP NP NP COMPL V N N He gained a degree in agriculture and forestry from Hassanudin in 1986 N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories: N Bar V Double Bar N V Bar N COMPL V He gained a degree in agriculture and forestry fromHassanudin University in 1986 The complement “ in agriculture and forestry from Hassanudin in 1986” is the complement of the N “ a degree” and the N Bar “he”, so the COMPL completed the head “a degree” as the sister of the head. 12 He worked at several large companies.p.34 S VP NP PP V QP AP N P Q A NP N He worked at several large companies N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories: V Bar N Bar P-Bar V Q-Bar A-Bar N P Q A N-Bar N He worked at several large companies The adjective “large companies” is the complement of the Q Bar “several” and N Bar ” he”, however, both the COMPL and the Q Bar are sisters to the head N “he” and therefore each other. 13 They work alone p.35 S NP VP N V Adv They work alone N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories: N Bar V Bar ADV Bar They work alone The adverb “alone” completed the N Bar “they” as the subject, so, “alone” is restricted to the meaning of subject “they”. 14 It is Jokowi p.39 S NP Aux Verb NP Det Jokowi It is N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories: V Double Bar Det It V Bar NP V N IsJokowi The N Bar is modifier to the meaning of noun.”Jokowi” as the noun completed “it” as the head of sentence. 15 He set a new selection standard p.40 S VP NP Adj P V NP N Spec Adj N He set a new selection Standart N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories: V Bar N Bar Adj Bar V N Bar N Spec Adj N He set a new selection Standart After converted into X-Bar analysis, the N Bar ”selection standard” is the complement of the specifier “a” and the N Bar “he”, however, both the N Bar and the specifier are sisters to the head N “he”. 16 the monorail is a public private partnership PPP project p.40 S VP NP NP V Det N Spec N The monorail is a public private partnership PPP project After conversion into X-bar categories: N Double-Bar V Bar N-Bar N-Bar V Det N Spec N The monorail is a public private partnership PPP project The N Bar is modifier that restricts the meaning of spec “a”. The N Bar “public private partnership PPP” is the compelement and also completed both the spec and the N. 17 It will cost 1.5 billion p.40 S NP VP NP Det Aux V N It will cost 1.5 billion N Double-Bar After conversion into X-bar categories Det V Bar N-Bar It V N Will cost 1.5 billion The noun “1.5 billion’ completed the det “it’ as the coimplementitself , so the det and verb completed by N. 18 He sent a letter to Vice President Boediono p.41 S NP VP V NP PP Det N P NP N He Sent a letter to Mary N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories: N Bar V Bar N Bar P Bar N V SPEC N P NP He sent a letter to N Mary The N Bar is modifier that restricts the meaning of noun “he”. However, both the N Bar “Mary” and the spec “a letter to” are sisters to the head N “he”. 19 I will put policies p.41 S NP VP Aux NP N tense modal V N I present will put policies N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories: V-Bar N-Bar V COMPL I will put The compl “policies” restrict the meaning of N bar itself “I”,compl completed both the N Bar and the V. policies 20 In 2013 we procured just around 700 buses p.41 S PP NP Adv P VP P NP In 2013 we procured just around 700 Buses N- Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories: P Bar N Bar V Bar AdvBar N V COMP P 2013 we procured In Just around 700 buses The complement “just around 700 buses” is the complement of the verb “procured” and the N Bar “we” its logical subject. However, the COMPL ‘just around 700 buses” is sister to the head N “we”. 21 The budget was more than Rp 1 trilion p.41 S VP NP NP V Det N Det N The budget was more than Rp 1 trillion N Double-Bar After conversion into X-bar categories: Spec N-Bar V-Bar N-Bar N V Det N The budget was more thanRp 1trillion The noun “Rp 1 trillion” is the complement of the Det “more than” and the N bar “budget” , however, the N bar completed the N and therefore each other. 22 In 2014, we plan for 4000 p.41 S PP NP Adv P VP P PP P Det In 2014 we procured for 4000 After conversion into X-bar categories: N Double Bar P Bar N Bar V Bar AdvBar N V P Bar P 2014 we procured P Det In for 4000 After converted into X-Bar analysis,the compl “for 4000” is completed the verb “procured” and the N bar ‘we” as the head of sentence. 23 The budget will be around Rp 5 trilion p.41 S VP NP NP Det N V The budget will be around Rp 5 trillion N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories: V Bar N Bar SPEC N V COMPL The budget will be around Rp 5 trillion The compl “around 1 trillion” is the complement of the noun “budget”, so, the N bar is the sister to the head N. 24 He beat incumbent SlametSuryanto p.42 S NP VP NP N V N He beat incumbent SlametSuryanto N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories: N Bar V-Bar N Bar V COMPL He beat incumbent SlametSuryanto As the diagram above, the compl is modifier the restricts meaning of the noun. “incumbentSlametSuryanto” is the complement of the N Bar. However, the compl were completed the N Baras the head. 25 He has supporters outside PDI-P p.46 S NP VP NP N V N COMPL He has supporters outside PDI-P N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories: N Bar V Double Bar V Bar N Bar N V N COMPL He has supporters outside PDI-P The noun “outside PDI-P” is the complement of the noun “supporters” and the N Bar “he” its logical subject. However, both the N Bar and the N are sisters to the head N. 26 He can win at the July polls p.47 S NP Aux VP NP N tense modal V N He present can win at the July poll After conversion into X-bar categories: N Double Bar V-Bar N Bar N Bar V N N He can win at the July polls As we see the diagram above, The N Bar is modifier the meaning of the noun “at the July polls’ completed the N Bar “he” also V “can win”, so they are sisters to the head of N. 27 The ball is now in the kingmakers’s court p.47 S VP NP AdvP V NP Det N Adv Prep Det N The ball is now in the kingmaker’scourt N Double-Bar After conversion into X-bar categories: V Bar N Bar Adv Bar V N Bar Det N Adv Prep Det N The ball is now in the kingmaker’s court After converted into X-Bar, the N “in the King’s court” is the complement of the noun “ the ball”. However, the N Bar is sisters to the head “ball”. 28 I have lots of homework to do p.44 S VP NP NP V VP N Quant Prep N Prep V I have lots of homework to do N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories: V Bar N Bar N Bar V V Bar N Quant Prep N Prep V I have lots of homework to do According the diagram above, the V Bar “to do” is a modifier that restricts the meaning of noun. The verb “ to do” is the complement of the noun “homework’ and the N Bar “I”, so, both the V and the N are sisters to the head “I”. 29 He replied with a laugh p.44 S VP NP PP V NP N P Spec N He replied with a laugh N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories: V Bar N Bar P Bar V N Bar N P Spec N He replied with a laugh According the diagram above, the noun “with a laugh” is the complement of the noun “he”. However, the N Bar is completed as the head of sentence. 30 He won the Solo Mayoral election in 2015 p.46 S VP NP NP V AdvP N Det N Prep Adv He won the Solo Mayoral election in 2015 N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories: V Bar N Bar N Bar V AdvP N Det N Prep Adv He won the Solo Mayoral election in 2015 As the diagram above, the adverb “ in 2015” is the complement of the N Bar “solo mayoran election” and the N Bar “he”. However, both the Adv and the N Bar are sisters to the head N and therefore each other. 31 Indonesian is today under threat from vanous directions. p.10 32 He is not afraid to take on powerful vested interests. p.10 33 He achieved all this in the first year of his tenure p.34 34 there are so many troubled areas in Jakarta p.38 35 IKEA never paid any down payments in advance p.32 36 Yet in just over a year he has proved that the impossible is possible p.33 37 His easy going style is like a breath of fresh air in a country. p.33 38 Jokowi is the most watched figure in Indonesian politics today. p.38 39 Jokowi pleased the crowd by posing for the photographs p.39 40 In all of them, he is well ahead of my other candidates p.46 41 His presence has helped regain supporters confident in the party p.47 42 She still harbors hopes for a second presidential term p.47 43 If Jokowi can finally win the candidacy then game is over p.47

4.2 Passive Sentence

In passive sentence, the subject does not perform the action in the sentence. In fact, the action is performed on it. In Globe Asia Magazine, entitled JokoWidodo: Man of the Year, is presented in the form of tree diagram transformative generative grammar, then converted into x-bar analysis, which 1-3 sentence, from 5 sentence below: 1 Fifty year old Nurdin was born in Pare Pare p.34 S NP COMPL VP N AdjP V Fifty year old Nurdin was born in Pare Pare N Doube Bar After conversion into X-bar categories: N Bar COMPL V Bar N AdjP V Fifty year old Nurdin was born in Pare Pare According the diagram above, the compl is modifier the meaning of noun ‘Nurdin” as the complement “fifty year old” were completed each other. 2 The electronic road pricing ERP system will be implemented p.41