Active Sentence METHOD OF RESEARCH
N-Double Bar SPEC
N-Bar
The N-Bar COMPL
N P-Bar for the leadership
country P V-Double Bar
is V –Bar
V
crying out
The main idea behind the X-Bar theory is to explain the similarity between the rules for each category. The X in X-Bar theory is a variable over categories. When we talk of XP,
we mean to be describing any kind of phrase VP, NP, AdjP, AdvP, PP, TP, CP,…... As we see the tree diagram above, the COMPL “for the leadership” became completed of this NP
“the country” after converted into X-Bar analysis.
2 He has won people’s heart. p.35 S
NP Aux
VP N
modal Tense
V has
NP He
past won
people’s heart
N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories:
N Bar V Bar
N- Bar N
He has wo n
people’s heart
As the sentence above, the X-Bar structures seem to accurately characterize the structure of the NP NBar. A complement is the phrase which is sister of the head “he”, so
after converted into X-Bar, “people;s heart” completed the N “he” as the subject itself.
3 Actions speak louder than words p.38 S
VP NP
AdjP V
Prep NP
N Adj
N
Actions speaks
louder than words
N Double-Bar After conversion into X-bar categories:
V Bar N Bar
A-Bar V
N A
COMPL
Actions speaks
louder than words
As the sentence above, the COMPL is modifier the meaning of the noun “actions” and the verb “speaks”, so “ than words” completed both “actions” and “speaks” as the head of
sentence.
4 I visit them to seek solutions. p.38 S
VP NP
NP V
VP N
N NP
V I
visit them
to seek solutions
N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories:
N Bar N Bar
N V Bar
N V Bar
I V
them V
COMPL
Visit to seek
solutions
After converted into X-Bar analysis, the direct object is the complement, because “the solutions” completed the word “I” however the sentence completed each other.
5 Jokowi is a man of actions p. 40 S
NP VP
NP N
V to be Spec
N PP
Jokowi is
a man
of actions
After conversion into X-bar categories:
N Double Bar
N Bar N Bar
V Bar P Bar
N V
Spec N
P N-Bar
N
Jokowi is
a man of
actions
After converted into X-Bar analysis, “action” become the head of this sentence, which means “the actions” word completed the subject “Jokowi” as the main of actions.
6 Jokowi resigned in 2012 p.44 S
VP NP
PP V
AdvP N
P Adv
Jokowi resigned
in 2012
After conversion into X-bar categories:
N Double Bar
N Bar V Bar
P Bar N
V P
Adv-Bar Adv of Time
Jokowi resigned
in 2012
As the sentence above, the “Adv’ is modifier the meaning of noun. However, “2012” completed the N “Jokowi” as the subject of sentence.
7 Jokowi has done it with a smile p.33 S
VP NP
NP V
NP N
N Prep
Det N
Jokowi has done
it with
a smile
After conversion into X-bar categories:
N Double Bar
N Bar V Bar
N Bar
N V
N Prep
Det N
Jokowi has done
it with a
smile
As the tree diagram above, the N Bar is modifier that restricts the meaning of noun. The N Bar “with a smile” is the complement of the noun “it” and the N Bar “Jokowi”.
However, the N bar completed “with a smile” and “Jokowi”.
8 Jokowi came along and reignited hope p.33 S
VP NP
VP V
Conj NP
N V
N
Jokowi came along
and reignited hope
N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories:
N Bar V Bar
NP N
V Conj
V N
Jokowi came along
and reignited
hope
After converted into x-bar analysis, the N Bar is modifier the meaning of noun. The N Bar “hope” is the complement of the noun “Jokowi” its logical subject. However, “reignited
hope” completed the subject “Jokowi” after converted into X-Bar. 9 A man of simple tastes and needs p.33
S NP
Adj P Adj
NP Det
N A
Man of simple
tastes and need
After conversion into X-bar categories:
N Double Bar Det
N Bar A Bar
N COMP
A of simple
Man tastes and needs
The noun “taste and needs” is the complement of the N Bar “Jokowi” its logical subject. However, the COMPL “taste and needs” completed the N Bar “a man” as the head.
10 Jokowi has already made an impression on the citizens of Jakarta p.33 S
Aux VP
NP tense
NP N
modal V
Past
Jokowi has
made an impression on the citizens of
Jakarta
After conversion into X-bar categories:
N Double
Bar
N VP
V N Bar
Jokowi COMPL
has made an impression
on the citizens of Jakarta
After converted into X-Bar analysis, the complement “on the citizens of Jakarta” completed the noun “Jokowi”, however, the COMPL “on the citizens of Jakarta” completed
the subject “Jokowi” as the head of sentence. 11 He gained a degree in agriculture and forestry from Hassanudin University in 1988
p.34 S
VP NP
NP COMPL
V N
N
He gained
a degree in agriculture
and forestry from
Hassanudin in
1986
N Double Bar
After conversion into X-bar categories:
N Bar V Double Bar
N V Bar
N COMPL
V
He gained
a degree in agriculture and forestry
fromHassanudin University in 1986
The complement “ in agriculture and forestry from Hassanudin in 1986” is the complement of the N “ a degree” and the N Bar “he”, so the COMPL completed the head “a
degree” as the sister of the head.
12 He worked at several large companies.p.34 S
VP NP
PP V
QP AP
N P
Q A
NP N
He worked
at several
large companies
N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories:
V Bar N Bar
P-Bar V
Q-Bar A-Bar
N P
Q A
N-Bar N
He worked
at several
large companies
The adjective “large companies” is the complement of the Q Bar “several” and N Bar ” he”, however, both the COMPL and the Q Bar are sisters to the head N “he” and therefore
each other. 13 They work alone p.35
S NP
VP N
V Adv
They work
alone
N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories:
N Bar V Bar
ADV Bar
They work
alone
The adverb “alone” completed the N Bar “they” as the subject, so, “alone” is restricted to the meaning of subject “they”.
14 It is Jokowi p.39 S
NP Aux Verb
NP Det
Jokowi It
is
N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories:
V Double Bar Det
It V Bar
NP V
N
IsJokowi
The N Bar is modifier to the meaning of noun.”Jokowi” as the noun completed “it” as the head of sentence.
15 He set a new selection standard p.40 S
VP NP
Adj P V
NP N
Spec Adj
N
He set
a new
selection Standart
N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories:
V Bar N Bar
Adj Bar V
N Bar N
Spec Adj
N
He set
a new
selection Standart
After converted into X-Bar analysis, the N Bar ”selection standard” is the complement of the specifier “a” and the N Bar “he”, however, both the N Bar and the
specifier are sisters to the head N “he”. 16 the monorail is a public private partnership PPP project p.40
S VP
NP NP
V Det
N Spec
N
The monorail
is a public private partnership PPP
project
After conversion into X-bar categories:
N Double-Bar V Bar
N-Bar N-Bar
V Det
N Spec
N
The monorail
is a public private partnership PPP
project
The N Bar is modifier that restricts the meaning of spec “a”. The N Bar “public private partnership PPP” is the compelement and also completed both the spec and the N.
17 It will cost 1.5 billion p.40 S
NP VP
NP
Det Aux
V N
It will
cost 1.5 billion
N Double-Bar After conversion into X-bar categories
Det V Bar
N-Bar
It V
N
Will cost 1.5 billion
The noun “1.5 billion’ completed the det “it’ as the coimplementitself , so the det and verb completed by N.
18 He sent a letter to Vice President Boediono p.41 S
NP VP
V NP
PP Det
N P
NP N
He Sent
a letter
to Mary
N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories:
N Bar V Bar
N Bar P Bar
N V
SPEC N P
NP
He sent a letter
to N
Mary
The N Bar is modifier that restricts the meaning of noun “he”. However, both the N Bar “Mary” and the spec “a letter to” are sisters to the head N “he”.
19 I will put policies p.41 S
NP VP
Aux NP
N tense
modal V
N
I present
will put
policies
N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories:
V-Bar N-Bar
V COMPL
I will put
The compl “policies” restrict the meaning of N bar itself “I”,compl completed both the N Bar and the V.
policies
20 In 2013 we procured just around 700 buses p.41 S
PP NP
Adv P VP
P NP
In 2013
we procured just around
700 Buses
N- Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories:
P Bar N Bar
V Bar AdvBar
N V
COMP P
2013 we
procured
In Just around 700
buses
The complement “just around 700 buses” is the complement of the verb “procured” and the N Bar “we” its logical subject. However, the COMPL ‘just around 700 buses” is
sister to the head N “we”.
21 The budget was more than Rp 1 trilion p.41 S
VP NP
NP V
Det N
Det N
The budget
was more than
Rp 1 trillion
N Double-Bar After conversion into X-bar categories:
Spec N-Bar
V-Bar N-Bar
N V
Det N
The budget
was more thanRp 1trillion
The noun “Rp 1 trillion” is the complement of the Det “more than” and the N bar “budget” , however, the N bar completed the N and therefore each other.
22 In 2014, we plan for 4000 p.41 S
PP NP
Adv P VP
P PP
P Det
In 2014
we procured for 4000
After conversion into X-bar categories:
N Double Bar
P Bar N Bar
V Bar AdvBar
N V
P Bar P
2014 we
procured P Det
In for 4000
After converted into X-Bar analysis,the compl “for 4000” is completed the verb “procured” and the N bar ‘we” as the head of sentence.
23 The budget will be around Rp 5 trilion p.41 S
VP NP
NP
Det N
V
The budget will be
around Rp 5 trillion
N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories:
V Bar N Bar
SPEC N
V COMPL
The budget
will be around Rp 5 trillion
The compl “around 1 trillion” is the complement of the noun “budget”, so, the N bar is the sister to the head N.
24 He beat incumbent SlametSuryanto p.42 S
NP VP
NP N
V N
He beat
incumbent SlametSuryanto
N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories:
N Bar V-Bar
N Bar V
COMPL
He beat
incumbent SlametSuryanto
As the diagram above, the compl is modifier the restricts meaning of the noun. “incumbentSlametSuryanto” is the complement of the N Bar. However, the compl were
completed the N Baras the head. 25 He has supporters outside PDI-P p.46
S NP
VP NP
N V
N COMPL
He has
supporters outside PDI-P
N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories:
N Bar V Double Bar
V Bar N Bar
N V
N COMPL
He has
supporters outside PDI-P
The noun “outside PDI-P” is the complement of the noun “supporters” and the N Bar “he” its logical subject. However, both the N Bar and the N are sisters to the head N.
26 He can win at the July polls p.47 S
NP Aux
VP NP
N tense
modal V
N
He present
can win
at the July poll
After conversion into X-bar categories:
N Double Bar V-Bar
N Bar N Bar
V N
N
He can win
at the July polls
As we see the diagram above, The N Bar is modifier the meaning of the noun “at the July polls’ completed the N Bar “he” also V “can win”, so they are sisters to the head of N.
27 The ball is now in the kingmakers’s court p.47 S
VP NP
AdvP V
NP Det
N Adv
Prep Det
N
The ball
is now
in the kingmaker’scourt
N Double-Bar After conversion into X-bar categories:
V Bar N Bar
Adv Bar V
N Bar Det
N Adv
Prep Det
N
The ball
is now
in the kingmaker’s court
After converted into X-Bar, the N “in the King’s court” is the complement of the noun “ the ball”. However, the N Bar is sisters to the head “ball”.
28 I have lots of homework to do p.44
S VP
NP NP
V VP
N Quant
Prep N
Prep V
I have lots
of homework
to do
N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories:
V Bar N Bar
N Bar V
V Bar N
Quant Prep
N Prep
V
I have lots
of homework
to do
According the diagram above, the V Bar “to do” is a modifier that restricts the meaning of noun. The verb “ to do” is the complement of the noun “homework’ and the N
Bar “I”, so, both the V and the N are sisters to the head “I”. 29 He replied with a laugh p.44
S VP
NP PP
V NP
N P
Spec N
He replied
with a
laugh
N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories:
V Bar N Bar
P Bar V
N Bar N
P Spec
N
He replied
with a
laugh
According the diagram above, the noun “with a laugh” is the complement of the noun “he”. However, the N Bar is completed as the head of sentence.
30 He won the Solo Mayoral election in 2015 p.46
S VP
NP NP
V AdvP
N Det
N Prep
Adv
He won
the Solo Mayoral election in
2015
N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories:
V Bar N Bar
N Bar V
AdvP N
Det N
Prep Adv
He won
the Solo Mayoral election in
2015
As the diagram above, the adverb “ in 2015” is the complement of the N Bar “solo mayoran election” and the N Bar “he”. However, both the Adv and the N Bar are sisters to
the head N and therefore each other.
31 Indonesian is today under threat from vanous directions. p.10 32 He is not afraid to take on powerful vested interests. p.10
33 He achieved all this in the first year of his tenure p.34 34 there are so many troubled areas in Jakarta p.38
35 IKEA never paid any down payments in advance p.32 36 Yet in just over a year he has proved that the impossible is possible p.33
37 His easy going style is like a breath of fresh air in a country. p.33 38 Jokowi is the most watched figure in Indonesian politics today. p.38
39 Jokowi pleased the crowd by posing for the photographs p.39 40 In all of them, he is well ahead of my other candidates p.46
41 His presence has helped regain supporters confident in the party p.47 42 She still harbors hopes for a second presidential term p.47
43 If Jokowi can finally win the candidacy then game is over p.47