Kinds of Sentence Sentence Structure

The dog Note: “the dog” is the subject of the verb to eat. The dog is performing the action of the verb. ate all the biscuits

2.3 Sentence Structure

Bolinger 1975 : 156 states that the traditional definition of a sentence is the minimum part of language that expresses a complete thought, and certainly some sense of completeness is essential to it. In sentence, there are the differences between the deep and surface structure. The surface structure of a sentence is its grammatical form, while the deep structure is understood as its meaning Chomsky. In order to analyze sentence structures, spesific methods and symbols had to be introduced. This is where Syntax tree diagram comes in, and it is utilized to perform the analysis. Tree diagram are the other way of graphically representing the sentence structure. Tree diagram, also known as a phrase marker since it is intended to represent structure by marking which sequences of words in a sentence are its constituent phrases. Besides, it is also known as analytical tree, systematic diagram or hierarchy diagram. It consists of multiple choices or sub-parts, which come under one broad category.

2.3.1 Kinds of Sentence

There are four kinds of sentences based on their purpose: declarative, exclamatory, interrogative, and imperative : 1. Declarative, a declarative sentence commonly makes a statement. It is the most common type of sentenc used. In a declarative sentence, the subject and predicate have normal word order. The sentence ends with a period in writing and a drop in pitch in speech. For example : I like ice cream. 2. Interrogative sentence or question is commonly used to request information. In an interrogative sentence, the subject and auxiliary are often reserved. For example : Why didn’t you come? 3. Exclamatory sentence or exclamation is generally a more emphatic form of a statement. Such sentences begin with an exclamatory phrase consisting of what or how plus a part of the predicate. For example : What beautiful eyes she has 4. Imperative sentence or command tells someone or people to do something. In an imperative semtence, only the predicate is expressed. The simple form of verb is used, regardless of person or tense. For exaample : eat your dinner 2.3.2 Forms of Sentence This classification is based on the number and kind of clauses within a sentence. A clause may be defined in the same way as a sentence, it is a full predication that contains a subject and a predicate with a finite verb. There are two kinds of clause : 1. Independent clause : A full predication that may stand alone as a sentence. 2. Dependent clause : It has a special introductory word that makes the predication “depend” on an independent clause. One traditional scheme for classifying English sentence is by the number and types of finite clauses. There are four types of sentences : 1. A simple sentence consists of a single independent clause with no dependent clauses. For example : a. Jenny is singing in the bathroom. b. James and Don do exercise every morning. It contains a compound subject. c. My mother goes to the supermarket and buys some vegetables. It contains a compound verb. 2. A compound sentence consists of multiple independent clauses with no dependent clause. These clauses are joined together using conjuctions for, but, or, nor, yet, so, and. for example : a. The man stole jewelry and he hid it in his home. b. She likes to eat much but her body is thin. c. My younger sister wants to be the first rank in her class, so she studies harder now. 3. A complex sentence consists of one or more independent clauses with at least one dependent clause. A dependent clause starts with a subordinating conjuction, such as : that, because, although, where, which, and since. a. I am suspicious with a man that walked in front of our house when I went home last night b. You can drink the soft drink, . One independent clause and two dependent clauses. although the water is healthier 4. A compound-complex sentence consists of multiple independent clauses, at least one of which has at least one dependent clause. . One independent clause and one dependent clause. a. I love shopping and my sister loves travelling because they can refresh our mind b. You can go by taxi, but going by train is . Two independent clauses and one dependent clause. faster as you can get there early

2.4 X-Bar Theory