History and Overview Competence-Based Learning

Figure 2.1: Three Competences of 2013 Curriculum Kerangka dasar dan struktur kurikulum 2013, 2013 Figure 2.1 presents the stages that should be achieved by each level of education within the context of the three competences. Different from the previous curriculum SLC which used merely Bloom ’s taxonomy for knowledge competence, 2013 Curriculum has employed Krathwohl ’s taxonomy for attitude, Dyers ’ taxonomy for skills and Bloom’s taxonomy for knowledge as well. In terms of attitude, the stages in teaching-learning process begin with accepting, which is followed by responding, valuing, organizing or internalizing and characterizing or actualizing as the highest phase. Skills comprise observing, questioning, experimenting, associating, and communicating as the highest stage. Meanwhile, knowledge entails knowingremembering as the lowest phase, understanding, applying, analyzing, the highest phase is evaluating. However, when the students have achieved the highest phase of skills and knowledge, they PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI are expected to be able to create, though this is intended for higher education level. These stages are then termed as scientific approach. Table 2.2: The Graduate Competence Standards of 2013 Curriculum Competence Standard Attitude - Having behavior that reflects a good attitude - Pious, having good deeds, self-confident, and responsible for the social and natural environment - Positioning oneself as a reflection of the nation in the international world Skills - Having thinking abilities and effective and creative actions in both abstract and concrete contexts - Having developed skills taught at school based on students’ talents, interests, and abilities Knowledge - Having procedural and metacognitive knowledge in science, technology, arts, culture, and humanities with a national perspective - Having knowledge about the cases of phenomena and events along with alternative solutions, hindrances, and final solutions Konsep dan implementasi kurikulum 2013, 2014 Considering the goal of national education and the fact that CBL is an outcome-based approach, therefore, at the end of the learning, the students are expected to pass the graduate competence standards presented in Table 2.2. In terms of attitude, students have to possess good attitude of both spiritual and social. For skills, the students are expected to be skillful and creative so that they will be able to perform well. Indeed, they should have good abilities. Meanwhile for knowledge, the students are expected to be knowledgeable factual, conceptual and procedural. It means that they should understand both science and phenomena so that they will be able to solve problems with the support of enough knowledge. In short, the students are expected to be people with good attitude, character, skills and knowledge as well. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

2. Attitude

The terms attitude is widely used in education, along with skill and knowledge. Therefore, having clear understanding about the meaning of this terms and its influences towards English language learning is essential. However, the emergence of attitude in Competence-based Learning, particularly in 2013 Curriculum leads to the different meaning of attitude which is broader.

a. Narrow Meanings

In general, Eagly and Chaiken 1993, as cited in Albarracín, Johnson and Zanna , 2005: 4 define attitude as “a psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favor or disfavor”. However, when it comes to language learning, the terms attitude, according to Crytal 1997 refers to the feelings people have about language. Hence, it describes their behavior towards their own language or the languages of others. Moreover, Pickens 2005: 44 defines attitude as “a complex combination of things we tend to call personality, beliefs, values, behaviors and motivations ”. Eagly and Chaiken 1998, as cited in Jain, 2014 state that attitude is constructed of three components: 1 affective, 2 behavior, and 3 cognitive. These components are known as ABC model of attitude. Affective component deals with feeling or emotional response liking or disliking towards an object of attitude. Behavior component is the tendency to act in certain ways favorable or unfavorable toward an object of attitude. Cognitive component refers to an individual ’s thought, belief, perception, opinion, and idea about the object of attitude. It can be belief or disbelief.